Classical conditioning is a learning process in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a reflex-eliciting unconditioned stimulus, such that the neutral stimulus eventually elicits the same innate reflex response that the unconditioned stimulus does. For example, pairing a bell sound (neutral stimulus) with the presentation of food (unconditioned stimulus) can cause an organism to salivate (unconditioned response) when the bell rings, even without the food.| Simply Psychology
Anxiety disorders are characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety and are often paired with unhelpful behaviors that individuals may use to try to reduce anxiety, such as avoidance or other safety behaviors.| Simply Psychology
Behaviorism, also known as behavioral learning theory, is a theoretical perspective in psychology that emphasizes the role of learning and observable behaviors in understanding human and animal actions.| Simply Psychology
Social Learning Theory, proposed by Albert Bandura, posits that people learn through observing, imitating, and modeling others' behavior. This theory posits that we can acquire new behaviors and knowledge by watching others, a process known as vicarious learning.| Simply Psychology
The Id is one of the three components of Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory of personality, also known as the structural model of the psyche. and is responsible for our most basic drives and desires, such as hunger, thirst, and sexual urges. The Id operates on the "pleasure principle," which means it seeks immediate gratification of these needs and desires without considering the consequences or the reality of the situation. The Id is entirely unconscious, and its impulses can be irrationa...| Simply Psychology
Freud's iceberg theory metaphorically represents the mind's three levels: the conscious (visible tip of the iceberg), the preconscious (just below the surface), and the unconscious (vast submerged portion). While we're aware of the conscious, the preconscious contains easily accessible memories, and the unconscious houses deep-seated desires and memories, influencing behavior despite being largely inaccessible.| Simply Psychology
Freud's Psychosexual Theory posits that human development occurs in five stages—oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital—each associated with a specific erogenous zone. As individuals progress through these stages, unresolved conflicts can lead to fixations, influencing adult personality and behavior. This theory emphasizes the role of unconscious desires and childhood experiences in shaping personality.| Simply Psychology
The Id, Ego, and Superego are components of Freud’s psychoanalytic theory. The Id represents our basic instincts and desires, seeking immediate gratification. The Ego, guided by reality, balances the Id’s impulses with social norms. The Superego is our moral conscience, pushing us to follow ethical standards. Together, they shape our behavior and personality.| Simply Psychology
Information Processing Theory explains human thinking as a series of steps similar to how computers process information, including receiving input, interpreting sensory information, organizing data, forming mental representations, retrieving info from memory, making decisions, and giving output.| Simply Psychology
Operant conditioning is a method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior. Through operant conditioning, an individual makes an association between a particular behavior and a consequence. B.F Skinner is regarded as the father of operant conditioning and introduced a new term to behavioral psychology, reinforcement.| Simply Psychology