Many Bonapartists fled to the United States after Napoleon’s 1815 defeat. What did Americans think of the French exiles in their midst?| Shannon Selin
Christmas gift ideas in the 19th century ranged from "a well-chosen book" to "elegant preparations for the toilet" to bread, bullocks, and coal.| Shannon Selin
Born in London, Louisa Adams had European polish and charm.| Shannon Selin
Though critical of Napoleon, John Quincy Adams had a sneaking admiration for the French Emperor, especially compared to the hereditary rulers of Europe.| Shannon Selin
The Napoleonic Wars caused many French people to flee to America. Here are five prominent French refugees who wound up in the United States.| Shannon Selin
After Napoleon’s 1815 defeat, Joseph Bonaparte fled to the United States, where he is credited with bringing European culture to the locals.| Shannon Selin
What if Napoleon Bonaparte had escaped from St. Helena and wound up in the United States in 1821?| Shannon Selin
After his 1815 abdication from the French throne, Napoleon Bonaparte wanted to start a new life in the United States. Why didn’t he?| Shannon Selin
Louis XVIII never expected to become King of France.| Shannon Selin