Transactional Analysis (TA) is a psychoanalytic theory and method of therapy developed by Eric Berne during the 1950s. Transactions refer to the communication exchanges between people.| Simply Psychology
Introjection is a defense mechanism where a person unconsciously adopts the ideas, attitudes, or behaviors of another person or group, often an authority figure. It's a form of psychological incorporation, allowing the individual to symbolically possess or control the introjected object, potentially to alleviate anxiety or internal conflict.| Simply Psychology
Stress arises when individuals perceive a discrepancy between a situation's physical or psychological demands and the resources of their biological,| Simply Psychology
Rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT) is a form of psychotherapy introduced by Albert Ellis in the 1950s. Alongside cognitive therapy created by Aaron Beck in 1976, REBT is thought to serve as the basis for developing cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT).| Simply Psychology
Depression is a mood disorder that prevents individuals from leading a normal life at work, socially, or within their family. Seligman (1973) referred to| Simply Psychology
Psychology is a science because it employs systematic methods of observation, experimentation, and data analysis to understand and predict behavior and mental processes, grounded in empirical evidence and subjected to peer review.| Simply Psychology
Cognitive distortions are exaggerated patterns of thought that are not based on facts and can result in people viewing things more negatively than they really are.| Simply Psychology
Client-centered therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, is a humanistic approach to psychotherapy that focuses on the client's perspective. The therapist provides a nonjudgmental, empathetic environment where the client feels accepted and understood. This helps individuals explore their feelings, gain self-awareness, and achieve personal growth, with the belief that people have the capacity for self-healing.| Simply Psychology
Although John Broadus Watson made several contributions to the field of psychology, most notably his work with Rosalie Rayner on conditioned emotional| Simply Psychology
Transference is the psychological term of projecting your feelings, based on past experiences, onto someone else in the present. In therapy, this redirection of feelings refers to cases where the client transfers emotions based on previous interactions with figures in their lives onto the therapist (Cooper, 1987).| Simply Psychology
Case study research involves an in-depth, detailed examination of a single case, such as a person, group, event, organization, or location, to explore causation in order to find underlying principles and gain insight for further research.| Simply Psychology
Carl Rogers (1902-1987) was a humanistic psychologist best known for his views on the therapeutic relationship and his theories of personality and self-actualization.| Simply Psychology
Freud (1900) considered dreams to be the royal road to the unconscious as it is in dreams that the ego's defenses are lowered so that some of the repressed material comes through to awareness, albeit in distorted form.| Simply Psychology
Little Hans was nearly five when has was seen by Freud (on 30th March 1908) but letters from his father to Freud provide the bulk of the evidence for the case study. These refer retrospectively to when Hans was less than three years old and were supplied to Freud through the period January to May 1908 (by which time little Hans was five years old).| Simply Psychology
Projection is a psychological defense mechanism that involves attributing one's undesirable traits, feelings, or impulses to other people.| Simply Psychology
Sigmund Freud (1856 to 1939) was the founding father of psychoanalysis, a method for treating mental illness and a theory explaining human behavior.| Simply Psychology
Freud's iceberg theory metaphorically represents the mind's three levels: the conscious (visible tip of the iceberg), the preconscious (just below the surface), and the unconscious (vast submerged portion). While we're aware of the conscious, the preconscious contains easily accessible memories, and the unconscious houses deep-seated desires and memories, influencing behavior despite being largely inaccessible.| Simply Psychology
The Oedipal complex occurs during the Phallic stage of development (ages 3-6) in which the source of libido (life force) is concentrated in the erogenous zones of the child's body (Freud, 1905).| Simply Psychology
Object Relations Theory in psychoanalysis posits that early childhood relationships with primary caregivers, particularly the mother, profoundly shape an individual's later interactions and emotional development. It emphasizes internalized mental representations of self and others, which guide interpersonal relations and influence one's sense of self-worth and attachment styles.| Simply Psychology
The Id, Ego, and Superego are components of Freud’s psychoanalytic theory. The Id represents our basic instincts and desires, seeking immediate gratification. The Ego, guided by reality, balances the Id’s impulses with social norms. The Superego is our moral conscience, pushing us to follow ethical standards. Together, they shape our behavior and personality.| Simply Psychology