Internal validity refers to whether the design and conduct of a study are able to support that a causal relationship exists between the independent and dependent variables. It ensures that no other variables except the independent variable caused the observed effect on the dependent variable.| Simply Psychology
External validity refers to the extent to which the results of a study can be generalized beyond the specific context of the study to other populations, settings, times, and variables.| Simply Psychology
Simple random sampling is a technique in which each member of a population has an equal chance of being chosen through an unbiased selection method. Each subject in the sample is given a number, and then the sample is chosen randomly.| Simply Psychology
Sampling methods in psychology refer to strategies used to select a subset of individuals (a sample) from a larger population, to study and draw inferences about the entire population. Common methods include random sampling, stratified sampling, cluster sampling, and convenience sampling. Proper sampling ensures representative, generalizable, and valid research results.| Simply Psychology
Cognitive dissonance theory, proposed by Leon Festinger, posits that individuals experience discomfort when holding conflicting beliefs or attitudes. This discomfort motivates them to reduce the inconsistency.| Simply Psychology
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs is a motivational theory in psychology proposed by Abraham Maslow. It organizes human needs into five levels: physiological, safety, love and belonging, esteem, and self-actualization. Often visualized as a pyramid, this hierarchy suggests that human motivation progresses from basic survival needs to complex psychological and self-fulfillment goals.| Simply Psychology