Internal validity refers to whether the design and conduct of a study are able to support that a causal relationship exists between the independent and dependent variables. It ensures that no other variables except the independent variable caused the observed effect on the dependent variable.| Simply Psychology
Extraneous variables are factors other than the independent and dependent variables that may unintentionally influence the results of an experiment. They need to be controlled, minimized, or accounted for through careful experimental design and statistical analysis to avoid confounding the relationship between the independent and dependent variables.| Simply Psychology
Sampling bias occurs when certain groups of individuals are more likely to be included in a sample than others, leading to an unrepresentative sample.| Simply Psychology
