Within Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems model, the macrosystem occupies the outermost layer, representing the broad cultural values, ideologies, and societal structures that indirectly shape an individual’s development. Though not experienced firsthand, these values influence all other systems—family, education, media, and policy—ultimately guiding how individuals grow, think, and behave.| The Psychology Notes Headquarters
Human development is a complex and lifelong process. Developmental psychologists Robert Havighurst and Erik Erikson offered two influential yet distinct frameworks to explain how individuals grow and adapt through life. While Havighurst emphasized developmental tasks that people must master at different stages, Erikson focused on psychosocial conflicts that shape personality.| The Psychology Notes Headquarters