IFRS 17 insurance: Economic versus accounting volatility | The Footnotes Analyst
Explore economic and accounting volatility in insurance under ifrs 17, focusing on cash flow estimates and market changes affecting liabilities.| The Footnotes Analyst
Explore economic and accounting volatility in insurance under ifrs 17, focusing on cash flow estimates and market changes affecting liabilities.| The Footnotes Analyst
Stock-based compensation can be difficult. Two approaches to measurement, valuation uncertainty, frequent adjustments for changes in estimates (including sometimes the stock price), and a dilutive effect in addition to an expense, all contribute this being a topic many investors try their best to avoid. Investors are not helped by inadequate stock-based compensation disclosures. Some companies go further than required by accounting standards, such as Swiss bank UBS, whose helpful additional a...| The Footnotes Analyst
One of the errors we encounter when reviewing DCF models concerns valuation date and cashflow timing adjustments. Although the effect may not always be that material, getting these adjustments wrong undermines the credibility of DCF valuations. We explain the correct application of valuation date adjustments, the necessary amounts for the enterprise to equity bridge, and how to roll-forward values to derive 12-month price targets. We also provide a downloadable model to illustrate these diffe...| The Footnotes Analyst
The mark-to-market of commodity supply contracts, such as power purchase agreements and related derivatives, can create significant volatility in profit and loss. But are these gains and losses meaningful, and should you remove them from performance measures as many companies do in their non-GAAP reporting? There are 4 methods of accounting for power purchase agreements and, confusingly, you could find all of them applied by one company. We explain how each method works, when fair value gains...| The Footnotes Analyst
Taxation is a significant expense for most companies and an important driver of profitability and value. Differences in the effective tax rate matter in equity analysis, but how should you calculate this metric and what rate should you use as a basis for forecasting? We explain the different calculations of effective tax rates, why it is important to examine the tax rate reconciliation footnote, the impact of exceptional gains and losses, and how intangible amortisation complicates the analys...| The Footnotes Analyst
There is usually at least one metric that gives valuation-based support for an investment, even if this is contradicted by other indicators of relative or absolute value. You may have heard comments such as “… but it looks cheap on EV/EBITDA” to help justify a particular investment recommendation. We examine why different multiples can give conflicting indications of relative value. For example, food-on-the-go stock Greggs trades at a 35% discount to rival Dominos Pizza, based on EV/EBI...| The Footnotes Analyst
The profit of insurance companies that report under IFRS is affected by three rates of return – the liability pricing rate, the return from investments, and the IFRS 17 discount rate. The first two largely determine the magnitude of aggregate profit; the last mainly affects the timing of profit recognition and its classification as a service result or net financial result. We use an interactive model to explain how interest rates determine the reported results of insurance companies. The il...| The Footnotes Analyst
Investors are paying increased attention to risks and opportunities arising from sustainability related issues, particularly the effects of climate change and related ‘net-zero’ commitments made by many companies. Some sustainability risks directly affect financial statements, but you need to look further when considering inputs for equity valuation. Risk affects different aspects of equity valuation. It is well known that risk factors affect the discount rate, but the impact on other val...| The Footnotes Analyst
DCF valuation models can either be based on free cash flow attributable to equity investors or the free cash flow available for all providers of finance. Each requires a different approach to allowing for financial leverage, including adjustments to beta and recognition of the debt interest tax shield. We present an interactive DCF model that illustrates discounted equity cash flow and discounted enterprise cash flow using both the WACC and APV methods. Understanding each approach helps...| The Footnotes Analyst
It can be observed that higher financial leverage increases equity beta. However, the relationship between the unleveraged asset or enterprise beta (the beta of the underlying operating business), and leveraged equity beta that is commonly applied in practice, is incomplete. We explain the relevance of asset betas in equity valuation and why it is important to analyse the beta of debt finance and the value, and riskiness, of the debt interest tax shield when delevering and relevering equity b...| The Footnotes Analyst
