Media starts with a PHP site on Windows that takes video uploads. I’ll use a wax file to leak a net-NTLMv2 hash, and then crack it to get SSH access to the host. I’ll understand how the webserver is writing the files to the filesystem, and use a junction point link to have it write into the web root, allowing me to upload a webshell and get access as local service. I’ll use FullPowers to enable the SeImpersonatePrivilage, and then GodPotato to get System.| 0xdf hacks stuff
Race starts with a website on Grav CMS, and a phpSysInfo page. I’ll find creds in the process list on phpSysInfo to get into the Grav admin panel as the limited backup user. I’ll create a backup, and use the results to reset the password of another admin. From this admin, I’ll show two ways to get execution, using CVE-2024-28116 and a malicious theme. From there I’ll pivot to the next user with a password from a shell script. For root, I’ll abuse a time-of-check / time-of-use vulner...| 0xdf hacks stuff
Eureka starts with a Spring Boot website. I’ll abuse an exposed heapdump endpoint to get creds from memory and SSH access. From there I’ll poison the Spring Cloud Gateway configuration to capture login credentials for another user. To get root, I’ll abuse a Bash arithmetic injection to get execution in a script analyzing logs on a cron.| 0xdf hacks stuff
Sendai starts with a password spray to get some initial credentials for two users. These users are in a group that can make a couple of AD hops to read a GMSA password and get a shell. From here, there are two paths. One involves finding creds for a user in a running service command line, and then abusing that user’s access to ADCS to exploit ESC4. The other involves MSSQL credentials from an SMB share, tunneling with Chisel, a Silver Ticket, and SeImpersonate.| 0xdf hacks stuff
Reaper starts with a simple key validation service. I’ll find the binary on an open FTP and reverse it to find both a buffer overflow and a format string vulnerability. I’ll abuse the format string to leak a memory address to bypass ASLR. Then I’ll abuse the overflow with ROP to call VirtualAlloc to make the stack executable and return to shellcode to get a shell. For root, I’ll find a driver that provides an arbitrary read and write from the kernel. I’ll abuse that to copy the toke...| 0xdf hacks stuff
TheFrizz starts with a Gibbons learning management platform that has a file write vulnerability that allows me to write a webshell and get a foothold on the box. I’ll grab a hash and salt from the database and crack that to move to the next user, connecting over SSH using Kerberos for auth. I’ll find an archive files for a WAPT install in the RecycleBin, and recover that to get a password for the next user. That user can edit group policy objects (GPOs), which I’ll abuse to get a shell ...| 0xdf hacks stuff
Lock starts with a Gitea instance where I’ll find an API token in an old commit. I’ll use that to access a private repo for the website. The repo is setup with CI/CD so that the production website is updated when the repo changes. I’ll add an ASPX webshell and get a foothold on the box. I’ll find a mRemoteNG config file and decrypt it to get the next user’s password and RDP access. From there I’ll exploit a vulnerability in the pdf24 installer repair functionality by putting a loc...| 0xdf hacks stuff
I’ll start with guest share access where I’ll find an email with an attachment containing a default password. I’ll brute force users on the domain, and spray the password to find a user who hasn’t changed it. That user has access to another SMB share where I’ll find a VeraCrypt volume. I’ll crack that using a custom wordlist and hashcat rules, and get access to a VyOS backup. I’ll use creds from that backup to get a shell as a service account on the host. For root, I’ll abuse ...| 0xdf hacks stuff
Nocturnal presents a website with an IDOR vulnerability that allows me to read other user’s files, and leak the admin password. Inside the admin panel, I’ll find a command injection vulnerability in the admin backup utility and exploit it to get a foothold. I’ll crack a hash to get the next user’s password. For root, there’s an instance of ISPConfig. I’ll exploit a PHP code injection vulnerability to get execution and a shell as root. In Beyond Root, I’ll look at the website fil...| 0xdf hacks stuff
Sweeper is about an instance of lansweeper. I’ll RID cycle to get usernames, and then spray to get authentication. In the application, I’ll get it to try to authenticate to an SSH server on my host, and capture the creds, which work to get onto the box. From there, I’ll show two ways to escalate. First, I’ll get access to the raw lansweeper data and decrypt a more privileges password. Then I’ll use lansweeper to make a deployment that runs a reverse shell as system.| 0xdf hacks stuff
Zero is all about abusing Apache. It’s a hosting provide, where I can get an account with SFTP access to upload files to be holder in a path on the site. I’ll overwrite the .htaccess file and use it to read files from the file system. I’ll write a Python script to automate this, and read files to find a password in the website database connection information. With a shell, I’ll see a script running every minute that looks at the Apache process in the process list and runs apache2ctl t...| 0xdf hacks stuff
Backfire is all about exploiting red team infrastructure, first Havoc, and then HardHatC2. I’ll start with a Havoc server and leak the configuration from the website. I’ll exploit an SSRF vulnerability to get access to the admin port internally. There’s an authenticated RCE vulnerability on this port, but it involves sending payloads into a websocket. I’ll create a chained exploit using the SSRF to stand up and communicate over a websocket to get command injection and a shell. From he...| 0xdf hacks stuff
I’ll pull data from SNMP to find a daloRADIUS server on UnderPass. I’ll find the login page, and use default creds to get access. There I’ll find a hash for a user, which can be cracked to get SSH access to the box. That use can run a Mobile Shell (Mosh) server as root using sudo, and that leads to a root shell.| 0xdf hacks stuff
BigBang has a WordPress site with the BuddyForms plugin. I’ll find a 2023 CVE that involves uploading a PHAR / GIF polyglot. It doesn’t work, but it does show how to read GIFs, which I’ll turn to the local system. Then using a PHP-filter-based tool I’ll abuse this to read arbitrary files. I’ll use that to exploit a 2024 CVE in Glibc to get RCE. I’ll find WordPress config creds to pivot to the next user. The next user has access to a Grafana instance. I’ll get their hash from the...| 0xdf hacks stuff
Vintage is another pure AD box, this time at Hard level. I’ll start with creds, and use them to collect Bloodhound data, which shows a computer object that’s a member of the Pre-Windows 2000 Compatible Access group. This means I can guess it’s password, and use that machine to get the GMSA password for a service account. I’ll use that access to enable a disabled service account and perform a targeted Kerberoast attack on it. I’ll spray that password to get access as a user and the f...| 0xdf hacks stuff
Administrator is a pure Active Directory challenge. I’ll start with creds for a user, and use them to collect Bloodhound data on the domain. I’ll find that I can modify a user’s password, and that user can modify another user’s password. That user has access to an FTP share where I’ll find a Password Safe file. I’ll crack the password to recover more passwords, pivoting to the next user. This user has GenericWrite over another user, which I’ll abuse with a targeted Kerberoasting...| 0xdf hacks stuff
Ghost starts with a few websites, including a Ghost blog, an internal site, and a Gitea instance. I’ll use LDAP injection to get into the blog site and brute force account passwords. From there, I’ll find the site source in Gitea and identify a file read / directory traversal in the custom code added to Ghost. I’ll use that to read an environment variable with an API key, allowing access to a custom API where there’s a command injection vulnerability. I’ll abuse that to get root acc...| 0xdf hacks stuff
BlockBlock offers a chat application where the database is built on the blockchain using smart contracts. I’ll abuse a cross-site scripting vulnerability along with an api endpoint that reflects the user’s authentication cookie to get access to the admin’s account. From there, I’ll figure out how to make JSON RPC calls against the local Etherium instance, and read the raw blocks of the blockchain to find a password that provides SSH access. The user can run forge as another user, whic...| 0xdf hacks stuff
Firefox uses Inter-Process Communication (IPC) to implement privilege separation, which makes it an important cornerstone in our security architecture. A previous blog post focused on fuzzing the C++ side of IPC. This blog post will look at IPC in JavaScript, which is used in various parts of the user interface. First, we will briefly revisit the multi-process architecture and upcoming changes for Project Fission, Firefox’ implementation for Site Isolation. We will then move on to examine t...| Attack & Defense
Alert starts with a webserver hosting a simple markdown to HTML application. I’ll upload a payload that can inject scripts into the resulting page, and send a link to the admin. I’ll use the XSS to read internal pages, and exploit a directory traversal / file read vulnerability to access the hash protecting an internal site. I’ll crack that, and use the password for SSH access. On the box, I’ll find root executing a PHP script on a cron, and find one of the imports is writable. In Bey...| 0xdf hacks stuff
Ceritified is the first “assume-breach” box to release on HackTheBox. I’m given creds for a low priv user. I’ll find this user has WriteOwner over a group, which I’ll abuse to eventually get access to another user. That user has GenericAll over a user. This enabled the ESC9 attack on ADCS, where I can modify the user’s UPN to get a certificate as administrator.| 0xdf hacks stuff
Yummy starts with a website for booking restaurant reserversations. I’ll abuse a directory traversal vulnerability in the functionality that creates calendar invite files to read files from the host, getting access to the source for the website as well as the crons that are running. I’ll crack the RSA used for the JWT cookie signing to get admin access, and abuse a SQL injection to write a script that will be executed by the crons. I’ll abuse another cron to get access as www-data. This...| 0xdf hacks stuff
Cicada is a pure easy Windows Active Directory box. I’ll start enumerating SMB shares to find a new hire welcome note with a default password. I’ll RID-cycle to get a list of usernames, and spray that password to find a user still using it. With a valid user I can query LDAP to find another user with their password stored in their description. That user has access to a share with a dev script used for backup, and more creds. Those creds work to get a shell, and the user is in the Backup O...| 0xdf hacks stuff
MagicGardens starts by exploiting a Django website, tricking it into approving a purchase for a premium subscription. With this subscription, I am able to include a cross-site scripting payload in a QRCode and collect the admin’s cookie. This provides access to the Django admin panel where I’ll get a hash and SSH access to the box. Another user is running custom network monitoring software. I’ll exploit a buffer overflow in the IPv6 handler to get a shell as that user. That user has acc...| 0xdf hacks stuff
Trickster starts with an instance of Prestashop. I’ll exploit an XSS to get admin access and a webshell to get execution. Database credentials work to pivot to the next user. From there, I’ll access a instance of ChangeDetection.IO, exploiting a SSTI vulnerability to get a shell in the container running it. In the data associated with the site, I’ll find another user’s password that works on the host machine. That user can run software associated with the Prusa 3D printer as root, whi...| 0xdf hacks stuff
Strutted is a box released directly to retired on HackTheBox highlighting the CVE-2024-53677 vulnerability in Apache Struts that was made public in December 2024. It is a bit tricky to exploit, but I’ll use it to upload a webshell and get a foothold. From there, I’ll use creds from an old Tomcat config to move to the next user, and then abuse tcpdump to get root. In Beyond Root, I’ll show two things that I couldn’t explain while originally solving the box, discovering a new Systemd pr...| 0xdf hacks stuff
Caption has a website behind a caching server and a proxy / web application filewall. I’ll abuse HTTP/2 cleartext (h2c) smuggling to read pages I’m blocked from reading directly. I’ll use a HTML injection to steal an admin cookie and get more access via the smuggling. From there I’ll get access to an instance of CopyParty, and exploit a directory traversal vulnerability to read an SSH key and get access to the box. To escalate I’ll abuse a command injection in a log-handler. In Beyo...| 0xdf hacks stuff
MonitorsThree, like the first two Monitors boxes, starts with an instance of Cacti. Before turning to that, I’ll abuse an SQL injection in the password reset functionality of the main site, leaking credentials from the DB. I’ll use those to get access to Cacti, and from there exploit a file upload vulnerability such that I can run arbitrary PHP code, and get RCE. I’ll get another password from the Cacti DB and pivot to the next user. For root, I’ll exploit an instance of Duplicati. I...| 0xdf hacks stuff
Sightless starts with an instance of SQLPad vulnerable to a server-side template injection vulnerabiity that provides RCE. I’ll exploit that to get a shell as root in the SQLPad container. From there, I’ll dump the shadow file to get user hashes and crack one. That password leads to SSH access on the host, where I’ll find an instance of Froxlor. I’ll exploit an XSS vulnerability to get access and enable FTP access, where I’ll find a Keepass DB with the root SSH key. In beyond root I...| 0xdf hacks stuff
Blazorized in a Windows-focused box, starting with a website written using the Blazor .NET framework. I’ll reverse a DLL that comes from the server to the browser to find a JWT secret and use it to get access to the admin panel. There I’ll abuse SQL injection to get execution and a shell. To pivot to the next user, I’ll abuse the WriteSPN privilege to perform a targeted Kerberoast attack. Then I’ll abuse permissions to write another user’s login script. Finally, I’ll abuse the Get...| 0xdf hacks stuff
PermX starts with an online education platform, Chamilo. I’ll exploit a file upload vulnerability to get a webshell and execution on the box. From there, I’ll pivot on shared credentials to the next user. To escalate to root, I’ll abuse a script that allows me to mess with Linux file access control lists using symbolic links to bypass protections. I’ll show several ways to abuse this, and a couple ways that don’t work and show why.| 0xdf hacks stuff
Runner is all about exploiting a TeamCity server. I’ll start with an authentication bypass vulnerability that allows me to generate an API token. There’s two ways to exploit this, by enabling debug more and running system commands in the TeamCity container, or creating an admin user and getting a backup from the TeamCity GUI. Either way, I get access to the TeamCity data, where I can find password hashes and an SSH key. I’ll use the SSH key to get a shell on the host. There I’ll abuse...| 0xdf hacks stuff
Usage starts with a blind SQL injection in a password reset form that I can use to dump the database and find the admin login. The admin panel is made with Laravel-Admin, which has a vulnerability in it that allows uploading a PHP webshell as a profile picture by changing the file extension after client-side validation. I’ll find a password in a monit config, and then abuse a wildcard vulnerability in 7z to get file read as root.| 0xdf hacks stuff
GitHub Actions caching has some insecure design decisions that allow for some unique attacks. It’s considered working as intended, but there are many ways it can go wrong. Learn how I identif…| Adnan Khan's Blog
Learn about how I used a custom tool to find a Google-owned repository vulnerable to GitHub Actions Poisoned Pipeline Execution Attack and earned a $7,500 bug bounty!| Adnan Khan's Blog
This post documents one of my findings from a bug bounty program. The program had around 20 web applications in scope. Luckily the first application I chose was a treasure trove of bugs, so that kept me busy for a while. When I decided to move on, I picked another one at random, which was the organisation’s recruitment application.| markitzeroday.com
Builder is a neat box focused on a recent Jenkins vulnerability, CVE-2024-23897. It allows for partial file read and can lead to remote code execution. I’ll show how to exploit the vulnerability, explore methods to get the most of a file possible, find a password hash for the admin user and crack it to get access to Jenkins. From in Jenkins, I’ll find a saved SSH key and show three paths to recover it. First, dumping an encrypted version from the admin panel. Second, using it to SSH into ...| 0xdf hacks stuff
Earlier this year I spent some time delving into Atlassian Confluence to see if I could dig up any bugs that had slipped through the cracks. I wasn't really expecting to turn up much, but I was super excited and surprised when I managed to find an issue within the RSS feed plugin leading to Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) (Twitter: 1, 2; LinkedIn: 1, 2; BugCrowd: 1, 2).| /dev/alias – Hack. Dev. Transcend.
Earlier this year I had an opportunity to spend some time looking at Squiz Matrix, a Content Management System (CMS) used across a number of sectors including higher eduction, media and publishing, goverment, finance, health, and utilities. With a huge number of features, a massive PHP codebase, and a numbr of high profile sectors as clients, I set out to see if I could find any interesting little bugs hidden away.| /dev/alias – Hack. Dev. Transcend.
Web3 has a weakness, and that is CI/CD security. Learn how I responsibly disclosed a Critical vulnerability in Astar Network’s GitHub repository that would have allowed attackers to conduct a…| Adnan Khan's Blog
Sau is an easy box from HackTheBox. I’ll find and exploit an SSRF vulnerability in a website, and use it to exploit a command injection in an internal Mailtrack website. From there, I’ll abuse how the Less pager works with systemctl to get shell as root.| 0xdf hacks stuff
Broken is another box released by HackTheBox directly into the non-competitive queue to highlight a big deal vulnerability that’s happening right now. ActiveMQ is a Java-based message queue broker that is very common, and CVE-2023-46604 is an unauthenticated remote code execution vulnerability in ActiveMQ that got the rare 10.0 CVSS imact rating. I’ll exploit this vulnerability to get a foothold, and then escalate to root abusing the right to run nginx as root. I’ll stand up a rogue ser...| 0xdf hacks stuff
In 2013 Google released their Manual Actions viewer tool; within 24 hours I had hacked it and could view the penalties applied to any website.| Tom Anthony
