By Seda Karatabanoglu & Zeynep Yüncüler Unethical practices and differing legal regulations in the global surrogacy market—especially along the Turkey-Georgia-Northern Cyprus route—underscore the need for international oversight. The global surrogacy industry is experiencing an unprecedented boom, raising ethical concerns across borders. As more couples turn to surrogacy as a path to parenthood, this assisted reproductive […]| Seda Karatabanoglu
(Isaac Taylor, Pexels) A government campaign to encourage women to give birth via vaginal delivery has drawn criticism on the grounds that it stigmatises mothers who choose caesareans. In Oct…| Seda Karatabanoglu
Kaliteli uyku için ne yapılmalı? Bilimsel olarak kanıtlanmış 7 yöntemle uyku kalitenizi artırın. Yatak seçiminden ideal uyku saatine kadar tüm ipuçları burada!| Acibadem Mobil
While conditions leading to poor adhesion have been well investigated, methods for addressing the problems have not. The main adhesion enhancer used on railway networks world wide is sand. Sanding is … Continue reading →|
This page will be continuously updated… Accelerometer A device that can measure acceleration generated by the movement of an object along an axis. Adhesion (Coefficient of) During rolling contact, the … Continue reading →|
The track irregularities and their interaction with wheel generate vibration of varying amplitude and frequency. These vibrations may cause damage to different parts of the vehicle if not contained and … Continue reading →|
The running rails in a DC electrified traction system are one of the main sources of electromagnetic disturbance to internal and external metallic structures and installations, such as civil works (viaducts … Continue reading →|
The umbrella arch is a temporary support system forming a structural umbrella from the insertion of an assortment of longitudinal support members installed from within the tunnel, above and around … Continue reading →|
This page will be continuously updated… Absolute Block A system of controlling rail traffic, where (under normal operations) only one train is allowed in the Block Section at a time. Proof … Continue reading →|
Drill and blast method is mostly used method for the excavation throughout the world. The method can be used in all types of rocks and the initial cost is lower … Continue reading →|
A prestressed grouted ground anchor is a structural element installed in soil or rock that is used to transmit an applied tensile load into the ground. Grouted ground anchors, referenced simply … Continue reading →|
Jet Grouting is a versatile erosion based system used to create in situ engineered geometries of soil-cement generally with limited required access. Jet Grouting creates in-situ columns of grouted soil … Continue reading →|
Most railroads use track circuits to determine which sections of track are occupied by trains. These devices are actually fairly simple in design, and have been in use since 1872. … Continue reading →|
A door in which the panel or panels, in the open position, are positioned parallel to and outside of the car body. Plug doors can be of the sliding plug … Continue reading →|
Rail and wheel wear can be reduced dramatically by proper lubrication. In addition, lubrication can help in saving energy and reducing noise. Rail-wheel lubrications applies by automaticly or manually. Advantages of automatic lubrication; Maintenance … Continue reading →|
The system which use electrical power for traction system i.e. for railways, trams, trolleys, etc. is called electrical traction. The track electrification refers to the type of source supply system that … Continue reading →|
A system which causes the propulsion of vehicle in which tractive or driving force is obtained from various devices such as diesel engine drives, steam engine drives, electric motors, etc. … Continue reading →|
Gas, All-Electric or Oil fueled high pressure heating unit forces hot air throughout the switch area via ducts and nozzles. Complete systems designed and proven for rugged service in severe weather. Keeps switches open and … Continue reading →|
An axle counter is a device on a railway that detects the passing of a train between two points on a track. A counting head (or detection point) is installed … Continue reading →|
A. Material Handling A.1. Overhead Travelling Crane Cranes are employed for lifting and lowering materials and moving materials in a rectangular area. A.2. Jib Crane Jib crane enable lifting and lowering … Continue reading →|
A train depot is where trains are stabled and maintained. The depots have infrastructure to maintain the rakes with necessary facilities viz stabling lines, scheduled inspection lines, workshop for overhaul, unscheduled maintenance … Continue reading →|
Tunnels in water are by no means new in civil engineering. Since about 1900, more than 100 immersed tunnels have been constructed. Bridges are the most common structures used for … Continue reading →|
Immersed tube, also called Sunken Tube, technique of underwater tunneling used principally for underwater crossings. The method was pioneered by the American engineer W.J. Wilgus in the Detroit River in … Continue reading →|
The gauge of a railway track is defined as the clear minimum perpendicular distance between the inner faces of the two rails. The different gauges can broadly be divided into … Continue reading →|
On warm days, rails in direct sunshine can be as much as 20 degrees centigrade above air temperature. As rails are made out of steel, they expand as they heat … Continue reading →|
Since many metro and light rail stations were built in the 20th century, lighting in many stations is conventional. That means that lighting with fluorescent lighting tubes and (incandescent) light … Continue reading →|
Guardrails (also known as guard/ girder/ restraining/ check rails) are used in transit systems to reduce rail wear in sharp curves and to increase the track’s resistance to flange climb … Continue reading →|
Braking Mechanisms When a braking force is applied to stop the cars, the force must be transmitted to something other than the cars, for example, to the rails. The braking … Continue reading →|
Heavy-duty elevators are used in mass railway transit systems as rapid transit (metro), LRT. A. Design Criteria A. Operational requirements Hours of operation shall be considered as twenty-four (24) hours … Continue reading →|
Heavy-duty escalators are used in mass railway transit systems as rapid transit (metro), LRT. A. Design Criteria A.1. Operational requirements Hours of operation shall be considered as 24 hours per day, seven … Continue reading →|
Secant pile walls are formed by constructing intersecting reinforced concrete piles. The secant piles are reinforced with either steel rebar or with steel beams and are constructed by either drilling … Continue reading →|
The ventilation system would be operated to force the smoke and hot gases in the direction of the empty tunnel to provide a clear and safe environment behind the fire … Continue reading →|
Software applications used for the design of tunnel ventilation systems fall into two general categories: onedimensional onedimensional, also known as network analysis, and two or three-dimensional CFD. In network analysis, … Continue reading →|
In October 28, 1995, an electrical failure led to a fire on one of the trains in Baku’s Metro. The electrical failure caused a fire in the fourth of five … Continue reading →|
The section insulator (SI) is a device installed in the catenary system for electrical separation of two electrical feeds while allowing for the passage of a vehicle pantograph, such as … Continue reading →|
The welding process is in principle a regulated electric short circuit with the two rail ends functioning as D.C. poles. The high current produces an arc between the rail ends, … Continue reading →|
Sliding Doors A door in which the panel or panels slide open and closed on a hanger mechanism that is usually mounted above the doorway opening. A sliding door system … Continue reading →|
On March 24, 2014, a Chicago Transit Authority (CTA) passenger train overran the bumper at O’Hare subway station, injuring 34 people. The cause is under investigation. The front car of … Continue reading →|
A scroll compressor (also called spiral compressor, scroll pump and scroll vacuum pump) is a device for compressing air or refrigerant. In rolling stocks, scroll compressor is used for HVAC … Continue reading →|
To ensure that the path required for the passage of trains is kept clear along the route of a railway, a “structure gauge” is imposed. This has the effect of … Continue reading →|
Turnouts and crossovers, including switches, frogs, guard rails, stock rails, and closure rails; rail fastening assemblies unique to turnouts; and miscellaneous components associated with turnouts, including switch rods and gauge plates. Crossover … Continue reading →|
A coupler, or coupling, is a device for joining rail vehicles in a train. There are two different kinds of couplers in the units: Automatic couplers on both unit ends (driver … Continue reading →|
In metro systems, automation refers to the process by which responsibility for operation management of the trains is transferred from the driver to the train control system. There are various … Continue reading →|
Railway platform A railway platform is a section of pathway, alongside rail tracks at a railway station, metro station or tram stop, at which passengers may board or alight from trains or trams. Almost all rail stations have … Continue reading →|
The International Association of Public Transport (or UITP) defines metro systems as urban passenger transport systems, “operated on their own right of way and segregated from general road and pedestrian … Continue reading →|
A funicular, also known as a funicular railway, incline, inclined railway, inclined plane, or cliff railway, is a cable railway in which a cable attached to a pair of tram-like … Continue reading →|
