SN Business and Economics (2022) 2:92 https://doi.org/10.1007/s43546-022-00260-z Abstract The “efficiency-distribution” model introduced by Houthakker in 1955 offers a flexible approach to production theory that does not require the measurement of capital and other fixed assets. Thus it avoids the theoretical problems associated with the Cambridge controversies and with Franklin Fisher’s critiques of aggregation. The efficiency distribution model can be empirically implemented using onl...