This is the seventh of a series of articles on “Type Parameters and Type Members”. You may wish to start at the beginning; more specifically, this post is meant as a followup to the previous entry. However, in a first for this series, it stands on its own, as introductory matter. A program is a system for converting data from one format to another, which we have endowed with the color of magic. In typed programming, we use a constellation of types to mediate this transformation; a functio...