“Taking It Not at Face Value: A New Taxonomy for the Beliefs Acquired from Conversational AIs” (2024), written by Japanese scholar Shun Iizuka, deals with the question of trust and belief with regard to the way humans interact with conversational AIs such as ChatGPT. This question has since garnered increasing prominence with the public releases of reasoning models, with DeepSeek releasing their R1 model in January 2025 (Sharma 2025) and OpenAI responding with their o3-mini model just 10 ...
