In her 1965 essay “Lustro rzeczywistości czy uległe tworzywo” [mirror of reality, or submissive material], presented here in its first English translation as “Reflection or Creation,” Urszula Czartoryska investigates the photographic medium’s capacity for creative intervention. Among her case studies are Polish photographers Karol Hiller, Zbigniew Dłubak, and Fortunata Obrąpalska, who she situates as interconnected, international artists working within a context that encompasses...
