Introduction: Radius uses PVDE (time lock + zk) to encrypt the transaction pool, weakening the possibility of MEV attacks. That is, before the time lock is cracked, the transaction content cannot be seen, so MEV attacks cannot be carried out. When Radius receives an encrypted transaction, it makes an order commitment and simultaneously begins to decrypt the time lock. After committing the user’s ordering, the time lock is cracked, and Radius obtains the transaction content and packages and ...