Adopted by the 40th World Medical Assembly, Vienna, Austria, September 1988 Editorially revised by the 170th WMA Council, Divonne-les-Bains, France, May 2005 Reaffirmed by the 200th WMA Council, Oslo, Norway, April 2015 and reaffirmed with minor revisions by the 230th WMA Council, Porto, Portugal, October 2025 WHEREAS academic sanctions or boycotts are discriminatory restrictions […]
