Numerical simulation and computer graphics usually involve collision detection of a massive number of particles (in many cases, millions of particles). Regular operations, such as particle movement and boundary handling, can be handled in O(N) time complexity (N refers to the number of particles). But the complexity of collision detection can easily escalate to O(N^2) if no optimization is made, imposing an algorithmic bottleneck. A commonly-used technique is grid-based neighborhood search. B...
