I/O Hardware Overview # The basic I/O hardware elements, such as ports, buses, and device controllers, accomodate a wide variety of I/O devices. To encapsulate the details and oddities of different devices, the kernel of an operating system is structured to use device-driver modules. A device communicates with a computer system by sending signals over a cable or through the air. The device communicates with the machine via a connection point, or port.
