This post explains how I measured Ceph RBD performance with block/network virtualization technology (virtio and vhost), and the result. VM execution is done through qemu-system-x86_64, without using libvirt. Host: Fedora 33 (Linux kernel 5.10.19) Guest: Ubuntu 20.04 LTS Server (Linux kernel 5.4.0.67) # Qemu general configuration qemu-system-x86_64 --machine q35,accel=kvm, --enable-kvm \ -m 2048 -smp 2 -cpu host \ -vnc :0 \ -hda disk.qcow2 \ Performance is measured with fio running on the gue...