Divine Immutability| Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
James Fieser, Ph.D., founder & general editor| iep.utm.edu
Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712—1778)| Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Plato: Political Philosophy| Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Philosophy of Law| Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Benedict de Spinoza: Metaphysics| Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Gottfried Leibniz: Metaphysics| Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Immanuel Kant| Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Immanuel Kant: Aesthetics| Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
“Hume is our Politics, Hume is our Trade, Hume is our Philosophy, Hume is our Religion, — it wants little but that Hume is even our Taste”. This statement by nineteenth century philosopher James Hutchison Stirling reflects the unique position in intellectual thought held by Scottish philosopher David Hume. Part of Hume’s fame and importance owes to his boldly skeptical approach to a range of philosophical subjects. In epistemology, he questioned common notions of personal identity, an...| Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
What Else Science Requires of Time (That Philosophers Should Know)| Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Metaphysics of Quantum Gravity| Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
The Arrow of Time| Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Being| Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Primary and Secondary Qualities: Wright’s Account It has long been a philosophical problem to explain the commonly accepted distinction between two kinds of qualities: primary and secondary. While the roots of this debate can be traced back to Plato’s Euthyphro, it was John Locke who, more clearly than others, articulated the distinction and introduced the … Continue reading Primary and Secondary Qualities: Wright’s Account→| Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Intuitionism in Mathematics In the philosophy of mathematics, intuitionism stems from the view originally developed by L. E. J. Brouwer that mathematics derives from intuition and is a creation of the mind. This view is prefigured most notably by Kant, Kronecker, Poincaré, Borel, and Lebesgue. Intuitionism maintains that a mathematical object exists only if it … Continue reading Intuitionism in Mathematics→| Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Philosophy of African Diaspora Religions This article explores philosophical ideas and concepts central to Afro-diasporic religions such as Vodou, Santeria, Candomblé, and Winti. Afro-diasporic religions have their origins in communities displaced by the Atlantic slave trade, blending elements from indigenous African traditions with Christian and original ideas. Afro-diasporic religions have been largely overlooked in contemporary … Continue reading Philosophy of African Diaspora Religions→| Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Benedict de Spinoza: Philosophy of Religion Philosophers generally count Spinoza (1632-1677), along with Descartes (1596-1650) and Leibniz (1646-1716), as one of the great rationalists of the 17th century, but he was also a keen student of religion whose analysis has shaped our modern outlook. For those at home in secular liberal democracies, much seems familiar … Continue reading Benedict de Spinoza: Religion→| Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Epistemic Injustice The term “epistemic injustice” refers to the existence of a distinctive type of injustice in which a wrong is done to someone specifically in their capacity as a knower. Philosophers working at the intersection of epistemology and ethics under the general umbrella of virtue ethics have recognized that individuals are not given adequate … Continue reading Epistemic Injustice→| Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Being| Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Faith: Historical Perspectives| Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Sen’s Capability Approach| Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Postmodernism| Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
The Hard Problem of Consciousness| Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Knowledge| Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Gettier Problems| Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Philosophy of Love| Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Thomas Hobbes: Moral and Political Philosophy| Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Medieval Theories of Free Will| Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Foreknowledge and Free Will| Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Sartre’s Political Philosophy| Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Identity Theory| Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Susan Stebbing (1885—1943)| Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Social Contract Theory| Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Political Philosophy: Methodology| Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Immanuel Kant: Metaphysics| Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
The Sarvāstivāda school of Indian Buddhism emerged from the attempts of early Buddhist communities to systematise the teachings of the Buddha into a complete and consistent description of reality. This often took the form of reducing our phenomenal experience of reality to the atomic, mind-independent fundamental constituents—known as dharmas—from which the mind constructs the objects of everyday experience. By understanding the mind-independent world, one is better equipped to achieve ...| Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
There is a vast literature on the nature and possibility of self-deception. And given the state of the debate, it seems unlikely that philosophers will soon agree upon one account of self-deception. This may be due, in part, to the fact that we ordinarily use the term, “self-deception”, in a broad and flexible way. But it is also the case that our various experiences with self-deception shape our thoughts about the paradigmatic self-deceiver. We can view much of the work on the nature...| Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Epistemology| Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Free Will| Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Epicurus (341—271 B.C.E.)| Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Truth| Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Phenomenology| Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Jean Paul Sartre: Existentialism| Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Maurice Merleau-Ponty (1908—1961)| Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Edmund Husserl (1859—1938)| Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
John Rawls (1921—2002)| Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
John Stuart Mill (1806—1873)| Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Nihilism| Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Naturalism| Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Hegel: Social and Political Thought| Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Existentialism| Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Richard Rorty (1931—2007)| Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Metaphilosophy| Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Jean-François Lyotard (1924—1998)| Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Sigmund Freud (1856—1939)| Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Michel Foucault (1926–1984)| Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Jacques Derrida (1930—2004)| Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Gilles Deleuze (1925–1995)| Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
A Priori and A Posteriori| Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Care Ethics| Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Anti-Natalism| Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Persistence in Time| Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Act and Rule Utilitarianism| Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Aristotle: Politics| Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Plato (427—347 B.C.E.)| Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
John Locke (1632—1704)| Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Heraclitus (fl. c. 500 B.C.E.)| Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Friedrich Nietzsche (1844—1900)| Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Time| Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Frequently Asked Questions about Time| Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
René Girard (1923—2015)| Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy