What's happening with the latest releases of large language models? Is the industry hitting the edge of the scaling laws, and do the current benchmarks provide reliable performance assessments? This week on the show, Jodie Burchell returns to discuss the current state of LLM releases.| Real Python
Compare uv vs pip with benchmarks, speed tests, and dependency management tips. Learn which tool is best for your Python projects.| Real Python
Test your knowledge of uv vs pip as Python package managers and learn how to pick the right tool for speed, reproducibility, and compatibility.| Real Python
Explore Python’s evolution from the 1990s to today with a brief history and demos of key features added throughout its lifetime.| Real Python
Practice Python string splitting, from whitespace handling to using custom separators and regex. Review split(), rsplit(), and edge cases.| Real Python
Learn how to use pyenv to manage multiple Python versions, prevent conflicts, and keep your projects compatible and development smooth.| Real Python
Test your knowledge of pyenv with this quiz and see how well you can manage multiple Python versions, virtual environments, and dependencies.| Real Python
In this quiz, you'll test your understanding of Python closures. Closures are a common feature in functional programming languages and are particularly popular in Python because they allow you to create function-based decorators.| Real Python
Test your understanding of deep and shallow copying in Python. Review assignment, identity, and how to copy complex objects correctly.| realpython.com
In this tutorial, you'll learn how to properly define constants in Python. By coding a bunch of practical example, you'll also learn how Python constants can improve your code's readability, reusability, and maintainability.| realpython.com
What is a good way to add isolated, reusable functionality to Python classes? Christopher Trudeau is back on the show this week, bringing another batch of PyCoder's Weekly articles and projects.| Real Python
Test your knowledge of Python profiling and performance tools. Practice identifying bottlenecks and using profilers like cProfile and timeit.| Real Python
Explore Python's t-strings, including their syntax, use cases, and differences from f-strings and older approaches.| Real Python
Explore how Python 3.14's lazy evaluation of annotations boosts performance, fixes chronic type hinting issues, and unlocks powerful new runtime uses.| Real Python
Practice how Python's .__dict__ attribute works for classes, instances, and functions, and when mappingproxy and __slots__ come into play.| Real Python
Test your knowledge of annotations and type hints, including how different Python versions evaluate them at runtime.| Real Python
Learn to profile Python programs with built-in and popular third-party tools, and turn performance insights into faster code.| Real Python
Learn to write effective Python docstrings that clearly and professionally document your code using best practices and built-in conventions.| Real Python
Test your knowledge of Python docstrings, including syntax, conventions, formats, and how to access and generate documentation.| Real Python
Test your Python knowledge in a skill quiz with basic to advanced questions. Are you a Novice, Intermediate, Proficient, or Expert?| realpython.com
In this tutorial, you'll learn about recursion in Python. You'll see what recursion is, how it works in Python, and under what circumstances you should use it. You'll finish by exploring several examples of problems that can be solved both recursively and non-recursively.| realpython.com
What went into developing the open-source Python tools data scientists use every day? This week on the show, we talk with Travis Oliphant about his work on SciPy, NumPy, Numba, and many other contributions to the Python scientific community.| Real Python
Learn how to work with JSON data in Python using the json module. Convert, read, write, and validate JSON files and handle JSON data for APIs and storage.| Real Python
Understand the difference between shallow and deep copies in Python. Learn how to duplicate objects safely using the copy module and other techniques.| realpython.com
When considering an object-oriented programming problem, should you prefer inheritance or composition? Why wouldn't it just be simpler to use functions? Christopher Trudeau is back on the show this week, bringing another batch of PyCoder's Weekly articles and projects.| realpython.com
Understand Python's with statement and context managers to streamline the setup and teardown phases in resource management. Start writing safer code today!| realpython.com
The pass Statement. In the next slide, I’m going to show you what the pass statement does. Nothing! Isn’t it beautiful? You’ll use the pass statement as a placeholder. You’ll hear it called a code stub. This is typically used when you’re building…| realpython.com
Explore Python's .__dict__ attribute to manage class and instance attributes directly for more flexible, low-level control of your objects.| realpython.com
In this tutorial, you'll learn about the Python modulo operator (%). You'll look at the mathematical concepts behind the modulo operation and how the modulo operator is used with Python's numeric types. You'll also see ways to use the modulo operator in your own code.| realpython.com
In this step-by-step course, you'll learn about the print() function in Python and discover some of its lesser-known features. Avoid common mistakes, take your "hello world" to the next level, and know when to use a better alternative.| realpython.com
Python 3.14 enters its release candidate phase, Django turns 20, and exciting updates about tools, libraries, and the Python community.| realpython.com
In this tutorial, you'll learn about the built-in Python Boolean data type, which is used to represent the truth value of an expression. You'll see how to use Booleans to compare values, check for identity and membership, and control the flow of your programs with conditionals.| realpython.com
In this step-by-step tutorial you'll learn how to work with conditional ("if") statements in Python. Master if-statements and see how to write complex decision making code in your programs.| realpython.com
In this step-by-step tutorial, you will learn how to leverage single and multiple inheritance in your object-oriented application to supercharge your classes with Python super().| realpython.com
In this tutorial, you'll learn the difference between the string representations returned by .__repr__() vs .__str__() and understand how to use them effectively in classes that you define.| realpython.com
In this step-by-step tutorial, you'll learn how to use args and kwargs in Python to add more flexibility to your functions. You'll also take a closer look at the single and double-asterisk unpacking operators, which you can use to unpack any iterable object in Python.| realpython.com
In this step-by-step tutorial, you'll learn how Python's map() works and how to use it effectively in your programs. You'll also learn how to use list comprehension and generator expressions to replace map() in a Pythonic and efficient way.| realpython.com
In this step-by-step tutorial, you'll learn how Python's .append() works and how to use it for adding items to your list in place. You'll also learn how to code your own stacks and queues using .append() and .pop().| realpython.com
In this step-by-step tutorial, you'll learn about generators and yielding in Python. You'll create generator functions and generator expressions using multiple Python yield statements. You'll also learn how to build data pipelines that take advantage of these Pythonic tools.| realpython.com
What are the advantages of using Polars for your Python data projects? When should you use the lazy or eager APIs, and what are the benefits of each? This week on the show, we speak with Jeroen Janssens and Thijs Nieuwdorp about their new book, _Python Polars: The Definitive Guide_.| Real Python
Test your knowledge of installing Python on Windows, macOS, and Ubuntu, setting PATH, and using IDLE with this quick quiz.| Real Python
Learn how to use Python mixin classes to write modular, reusable, and flexible code with practical examples and design tips.| Real Python
Test your knowledge of Python mixins—specialized classes that let you reuse methods without traditional inheritance.| Real Python
Python 3.14 introduces t-strings: a safer, more flexible alternative to f-strings. Learn how to process templates securely and customize string workflows.| Real Python
Learn how Python's continue statement works, when to use it, common mistakes to avoid, and what happens under the hood in CPython byte code.| Real Python
Practice your knowledge about namespace packages in Python. Revisit managing multiple packages without an __init__.py file.| Real Python
Test your knowledge of object-oriented programming (OOP) in Python and how to work with classes, objects, and constructors. Initialize... Go!| Real Python
Do the design patterns learned in other programming languages translate to coding in Python? Christopher Trudeau is back on the show this week, bringing another batch of PyCoder's Weekly articles and projects.| Real Python
Explore how Python asyncio works and when to use it. Follow hands-on examples to build efficient programs with coroutines and awaitable tasks.| Real Python
Learn the most common built-in Python exceptions, when they occur, how to handle them, and how to raise them properly in your code.| Real Python
Learn how to use Python's bitwise operators to manipulate individual bits of data at the most granular level.| Real Python
What goes into supporting more than 650,000 projects and nearly a million users of the Python Package Index? This week on the show, we speak with Maria Ashna about her first year as the inaugural PyPI Support Specialist.| Real Python
Learn about Python closures: function-like objects with extended scope used for decorators, factories, and stateful functions.| Real Python
Discover how marimo notebook simplifies coding with reactive updates, UI elements, and sandboxing for safe, sharable notebooks.| Real Python
How does the performance of an algorithm hold up when you put it into a realistic context? Where might Python code defy Big O notation expectations when using a profiler? Christopher Trudeau is back on the show this week, bringing another batch of PyCoder's Weekly articles and projects.| Real Python
Learn how Python's protocols improve your use of type hints and static type checkers in this practical video course.| Real Python
What motivates someone to learn how to code as a scientist? How do you harness the excitement of solving problems quickly and make the connection to the benefits of coding in your scientific work? This week on the show, we speak with Ben Lear and Christopher Johnson about their book "Coding For Chemists."| Real Python
Learn how to use the Factory Method pattern in Python, when to apply it, how to refactor your code for it, and explore a reusable implementation.| Real Python
What goes into crafting an effective Python script? How do you organize your code, manage dependencies with PEP 723, and handle command-line arguments for the best results? Christopher Trudeau is back on the show this week, bringing another batch of PyCoder's Weekly articles and projects.| Real Python
Learn how to use DuckDB in Python to query large datasets with SQL or its Python API, handle files like Parquet or CSV, and integrate with pandas or Polars.| Real Python
What goes into scaling a web application today? What are resources for learning and practicing DevOps skills? This week on the show, Calvin Hendryx-Parker is back to discuss the tools and infrastructure for autoscaling web applications with Kubernetes and Karpenter.| Real Python
What are the ways you can manage multithreaded code in Python? What synchronization techniques are available within Python's threading module? Christopher Trudeau is back on the show this week, bringing another batch of PyCoder's Weekly articles and projects.| realpython.com
Learn Python online: Python tutorials for developers of all skill levels, Python books and courses, Python news, code examples, articles, and more.| realpython.com
In this tutorial, you'll learn how Python mutable and immutable data types work internally and how you can take advantage of mutability or immutability to power your code.| realpython.com
In this step-by-step tutorial, you'll implement the classic hash table data structure using Python. Along the way, you'll learn how to cope with various challenges such as hash code collisions while practicing test-driven development (TDD).| realpython.com
With this opinionated guide to setting up a basic, fully featured and flexible setup for Python coding and open source contributing when working from Windows, you'll go from a fresh install to ready to contribute, and even check out a PowerShell script to automate much of the process.| realpython.com
In this step-by-step tutorial, you'll learn what Python's OrderedDict is and how to use it in your code. You'll also learn about the main differences between regular dictionaries and ordered dictionaries.| realpython.com
Come learn with Python experts at the Real Python Office Hours, a weekly video call that offers Real Python members the chance to get help with Python-related questions, meet new Pythonistas, learn about new and trending topics in the community, and get feedback and tips on Python code and projects.| realpython.com
The Real Python Office Hours is a weekly hangout where members of Real Python get the chance to interact with each other as well as Real Python authors and video course instructors. Join us live on Wednesday mornings!| realpython.com
In this tutorial, you'll learn how you can work with files in Python by using built-in modules to perform practical tasks that involve groups of files, like renaming them, moving them around, archiving them, and getting their metadata.| realpython.com
Many companies offer professional development or learning budgets that can cover the cost of a Real Python membership. Here's how you can get your membership reimbursed.| realpython.com
Help your team master real-world Python skills with hands-on courses and a community of experts.| realpython.com
In this tutorial, you'll learn about indefinite iteration using the Python while loop. You'll be able to construct basic and complex while loops, interrupt loop execution with break and continue, use the else clause with a while loop, and deal with infinite loops.| realpython.com
In this tutorial, you'll learn what magic methods are in Python, how they work, and how to use them in your custom classes to support powerful features in your object-oriented code.| realpython.com
Write more Pythonic code with this path. Understand the Zen of Python, PEP 8 standards, application layouts, duck typing, type checking, and documentation using MkDocs. Enhance your coding style and project maintainability.| realpython.com
Python's Global Interpreter Lock or GIL, in simple words, is a mutex (or a lock) that allows only one thread to hold the control of the Python interpreter at any one time. In this article you'll learn how the GIL affects the performance of your Python programs.| realpython.com
In this tutorial, you'll learn about Python's bytearray, a mutable sequence of bytes for efficient binary data manipulation. You'll explore how it differs from bytes, how to create and modify bytearray objects, and when to use them in tasks like processing binary files and network protocols.| realpython.com
A software application that consolidates essential tools for software development into one graphical user interface.| realpython.com
A self-contained block of code that performs a specific task.| realpython.com
Find your perfect Python development setup with this review of Python IDEs and code editors, including recommendations and screen shots.| realpython.com
In this tutorial, you'll learn about bpython, an alternative Python REPL that brings code suggestions and many other IDE-like features to the terminal. Once you discover how much bpython can improve your productivity, you'll never want to return to using the vanilla Python REPL again.| realpython.com
In this step-by-step tutorial, you’ll learn all about Python’s math module for higher-level mathematical functions. Whether you’re working on a scientific project, a financial application, or any other type of programming endeavor, you just can’t escape the need for math!| realpython.com
In this tutorial, you'll learn how to use Python's assignment operators to write assignment statements that allow you to create, initialize, and update variables in your code.| realpython.com
In this tutorial, you'll learn the basics of the C language, which is used in the source code for CPython, the most popular Python implementation. Learning C is important for Python programmers interested in contributing to CPython.| realpython.com
If you use Python's print() function to get information about the flow of your programs, then logging is the natural next step for you. This tutorial will guide you through creating your first logs and show you ways to curate them to grow with your projects.| realpython.com
The Zen of Python is a list of 19 guiding principles for good programs. Understand its purpose, history, and hidden jokes to improve your code today!| realpython.com
Model citizens use context managers to open and close file resources in Python, but have you ever wondered why it's important to close files? In this tutorial, you'll take a deep dive into the reasons why it's important to close files and what can happen if you don't.| realpython.com
In this tutorial, you'll learn how to use the Python standard REPL (Read-Eval-Print Loop) to run your code interactively. This tool will allow you to test new ideas, explore and experiment with new tools and libraries, refactor and debug your code, try out examples, and more.| realpython.com
In this step-by-step tutorial, you'll see common examples of invalid syntax in Python and learn how to resolve the issue. If you've ever received a SyntaxError when trying to run your Python code, then this is the guide for you!| realpython.com
In this tutorial, you'll learn about the Python pass statement, which tells the interpreter to do nothing. Even though pass has no effect on program execution, it can be useful. You'll see several use cases for pass as well as some alternative ways to do nothing in your code.| realpython.com
In this step-by-step tutorial, you'll learn how to read and understand the information you can get from a Python traceback. You'll walk through several examples of tracebacks and see some of the most common tracebacks in Python.| realpython.com
In this tutorial, you'll learn about numbers and basic math in Python. You'll explore integer, floating-point numbers, and complex numbers and see how perform calculations using Python's arithmetic operators, math functions, and number methods.| realpython.com
In Python, a tuple is a built-in data type that allows you to create immutable sequences of values. The values or items in a tuple can be of any type. This makes tuples pretty useful in those situations where you need to store heterogeneous data, like that in a database record, for example.| realpython.com
Master the Python range() function and learn how it works under the hood. You most commonly use ranges in loops. In this tutorial, you'll learn how to iterate over ranges but also identify when there are better alternatives.| realpython.com
In this tutorial, you'll dive deep into Python's lists. You'll learn how to create them, update their content, populate and grow them, and more. Along the way, you'll code practical examples that will help you strengthen your skills with this fundamental data type in Python.| realpython.com
In this tutorial, you'll learn what iterators and iterables are in Python. You'll learn how they differ and when to use them in your code. You'll also learn how to create your own iterators and iterables to make data processing more efficient.| realpython.com
In this tutorial, you'll learn how class constructors work in Python. You'll also explore Python's instantiation process, which has two main steps: instance creation and instance initialization.| realpython.com
Python list comprehensions help you to create lists while performing sophisticated filtering, mapping, and conditional logic on their members. In this tutorial, you'll learn when to use a list comprehension in Python and how to create them effectively.| realpython.com
Learn how to work effectively with Python sets. You’ll define set objects, explore supported operations, and understand when sets are the right choice for your code.| realpython.com