Communication Theory
The resource site for A First Look at Communication Theory.| Communication Theory
The resource site for A First Look at Communication Theory.| Communication Theory
According to Sternberg and Kauffman (1998), intelligence is defined as “the ability to learn from one’s own experiences, acquire knowledge and use resources effectively in adapting to new situations or solving problems.” This led to several research studies being conducted in the field of intelligence and its relationship to psychology. However, many of the intelligence-based Gardner argued that although reason, logic and knowledge sound similar, they are not alike at all. He believes t...| Communication Theory
At least two persons are involved in a communication process. Perhaps there could be more. At one end, we have the sender(s) and at the other end we have the receiver(s). They are also called the encoder and the decoder. Now, examine the following situation that leads to mis communication. In a company or an| Communication Theory
Introduction Trait Theory, also known as Dispositional Theory, is an approach to study human personality and behaviour. It is the measurement of steady patterns of habit in an individual’s behaviour, thoughts and emotions. Trait theorists focus on the measurement of ‘traits’, which lead to a better understanding of human personality. Over a period of time, traits| Communication Theory
Letters can also be classified based on their content or message. Letters that contain good news or a good message or favourable information are good-news letters. Letters that contain a bad news or a bad message or an unfavourable information are bad-news letters. Not only personal letters but also an official letters can be classified| Communication Theory
Introduction: In 1957 Westley and MacLean’s model of communication is proposed by Bruce Westley (1915-1990) and Malcolm S. MacLean Jr (1913-2001). Being one of the creators of journalism studies, Westley served as a teacher at the University of Wisconsin, Madison, between 1946 and 1968. Malcolm was director of University of Journalism School (1967-74) and co| Communication Theory
Mass communication includes creating, sending, receiving, and analysing messages to a broad audience through various forms of media.| Communication Theory
Kurt Zadek Lewin (1890-1947), was born in German. He was a great Psychologist and pioneer in Social Psychology. He developed the concept in the field of psychology called psychological “field” and “life space” in order to understand the human behavior and its important consideration of total life space. His studies are more based on to| Communication Theory
Every bit of message communicated undergoes a certain process involving more than one person. Nobody communicates to a vacuum or wilderness. Communication is considered effective if it receives the desired result, response or reaction. All Communications are related to some context. In any context, a communication loop exists to enable successful communication. At one end| Communication Theory
Russell H. Colley introduced the DAGMAR model in 1961 in a report for the Association of National Advertisers. The Defining Advertising Goals for Measured Advertising Results (DAGMAR) model, a conceptual framework that sets tangible and measurable targets for advertising campaigns to gauge their performance methodically. The model emphasises that the ultimate goal of an advertising| Communication Theory
Technical Communication is a specialised form of communication that focuses on conveying technical or complex information clearly and effectively. This often involves creating documents like manuals, reports, guides, and instructions. It requires a deep understanding of the subject matter and the ability to simplify and clarify complex information for the target audience. Technical communication (with […] The post What Is A Technical Communication? first appeared on Communication Theory.| Communication Theory
Report writing is a process of creating a structured document that provides information, analysis, or recommendations based on researched data and observations.It involves collecting relevant information, organizing it clearly and logically, and presenting it to the intended audience. Reports are used in various fields, such as business, science, education, and government, to communicate findings, progress, […] The post Report Writing- Types, Examples And Uses Of Report first appeared on Co...| Communication Theory
Advertising is a form of communication that uses creative and strategic techniques to convey messages to a specific audience. It involves a combination of visual, auditory, and textual elements to capture the attention of potential customers and convey the desired message effectively. Advertising can take many forms, such as print ads, TV commercials, radio spots, […] The post Advertising And Advertisement-Types and Examples first appeared on Communication Theory.| Communication Theory
Advertising- Etymology The term “advertising” has its roots in the Latin word “advertere,” which means “to turn toward.” Over time, this evolved into the Old French word “avertir,” which means “to notify” or “to inform.” The modern English term “advertising” emerged in the 15th century, reflecting the practice of drawing attention to products, services, or […] The post Digital Advertising Vs Traditional Advertising first appeared on Communication Theory.| Communication Theory
Media management refers to the strategic planning, organisation, direction, and control of media activities and resources to achieve specific goals| Communication Theory
Expectancy theory was given by Victor Vroom in 1964 when he was studying motivations behind decision-making. It is centred around motivation. It was given in an organizational behaviour context.| Communication Theory
David McClelland, an American psychologist developed the theory of needs in the 1960s. It is also called the Three Needs Theory, acquired needs theory, or Learned needs theory. It is a theory to explain motivation and focuses on 3 specific aspects, namely, achievement, power and affiliation. This theory explains what these needs are and how| Communication Theory
The father of modern corporate management Peter Drucker is often considered to be the world’s most influential corporate guru. His ideas and thoughts revolutionized corporate management in the later half of the 20th century. Drucker questioned why in both the classical and human relations schools of management, effectiveness was automatically considered to be a natural| Communication Theory
Leadership is the primary expectancy from a manager. It simply means accepting responsibility. There are certain qualities that are regarded essential for a strong leader. They are: Adapting to change, Decision making, Maintaining open lines of communication and leading others to the completion of goals. Leadership when defined will give us a better understanding. It| Communication Theory
A Cultural barrier in communication occurs mainly when communication happens between two different cultural backgrounds. We encounter cultural barriers in everyday life.| Communication Theory
Grapevine communication is defined as “the informal transmission of information, gossip, and rumor from person to person”. There are four different chains of grapevine communication.| Communication Theory
In a business context, all communication can be divided into two categories namely, External Communication and Internal Communication.| Communication Theory
Cultural hegemony refers to the dominance of one social group over others, not through direct power or force and legislation but through cultural means. It involves the shaping of cultural norms, values, and beliefs to align with the interests of the ruling class. By controlling the cultural narrative, the ruling class can influence the way […] The post Understanding The Cultural Hegemony With Examples first appeared on Communication Theory.| Communication Theory
Geert Hofstede, a Dutch social psychologist, developed a model to understand cultural differences across various nations. His framework is known as Hofstede’s Cultural Dimensions Theory. It provides insights into how culture influences workplace values. Hofstede initially identified four dimensions, which later expanded to six. Here’s an overview of these dimensions: 1. Power Distance Index (PDI) […] The post Hofstede’s Dimensions of Cultural Differences first appeared on Communicatio...| Communication Theory
The term meta-communication refers to the implicit messages that accompany verbal communication.| Communication Theory
Variables play a crucial role in the formulation of hypotheses, Understanding the different types of variables is fundamental to conducting robust research and analysis.| Communication Theory
Bureaucratic management refers to an organisational structure and set of administrative principles prioritising formal rules, fixed responsibilities, and a clear hierarchy of authority.| Communication Theory
Douglas McGregor introduced Theory X and Theory Y to explain different styles of management. Theory X refers to an authoritarian style and Theory Y refers to a participative/interactive style of managing employees.| Communication Theory
Introduction Gotland University states that cross cultural communication is a process through which a person can exchange, negotiate, mediate the communication of cultural differences through language, non-verbal gestures etc. In the fast moving world of globalization, cross cultural communication is a very important issue especially in the world of management. Not only do different countries| Communication Theory
History Marshal McLuhan is considered to be the greatest philosophers in communication theories in the 20th century. His contribution to the field of communication is contemplated to be the milestone in communication media and has been inspired in many of them. Source: olly/Adobe Stock Marshal McLuhan is known for his statement “the medium is the| Communication Theory
Cognitive dissonance is a state of non-equilibrium where the behaviors and attitudes are inconsistent with one another. This theory is proposed by Leon Festinger in the 1950s.| Communication Theory
Assertive Communication is the art of striking a healthy balanced communication between the state of passiveness and aggression. Assertiveness is the ability to express opinions, ideas and emotions respectfully without harming the feelings of others.| Communication Theory
Proxemics is the study of physical distance and its influence on human interactions. The amount of space existing between people when communicating can reveal the nature of the relationship.| Communication Theory
Interpersonal Communication came to being when men began to exchange ideas and thoughts to one another. Interpersonal Communication is a kind of communication in which people communicate their feeling, ideas, emotions and information face to face to each other. Source: VadimGuzhva/Adobe Stock It can be in verbal or non-verbal form. Interpersonal communication is not only| Communication Theory
Verbal communication is the method of sending and receiving information using words as the mode of transmission. The method of verbal communication can also be classified into different types and they| Communication Theory
The Semantic barrier in communication can be defined as the misunderstanding and interpretation of meaning which restrict effective communication. It can be in form of language, sign and symbol. The word semantic is credited to the Greek word “semantikos” which indicates “significant”. Semantics is a broad interdisciplinary study which deals with philosophical and logical understanding| Communication Theory
The major environmental / physical barriers are Time, Place, Space, Climate and Noise. Some of them are easy to alter whereas, some may prove to be tough obstacles in the process of effective communication. These factors may just cause distraction leading to inattentiveness or totally alter the message, causing miscommunication. Time: Time has an important| Communication Theory
Language barriers are those features of language use, depending on the literacy level of the user that results in miscomprehension or complete loss in communication.| Communication Theory
Psychological barriers cover many emotional states such as defensiveness or fear, anger, inattentiveness, lack of sleep, mental illnesses, stress etc that could hamper communication from taking place effectively.| Communication Theory
Berlo’s model follows the SMCR model. This model is not specific to any particular communication. Berlo’s model includes a number of factors under each of the elements: Source: The source is situated where the message originates. Communication skills – It is the skill of the individual to communicate. For example, the ability to read, write,| Communication Theory
The barriers to effective communication are classified based on their nature such as physical barriers, psychological barriers, cultural barriers, language barriers, semantic barriers etc.| Communication Theory
Soft skills are personal attributes and interpersonal abilities that enable individuals to interact effectively and harmoniously with others| Communication Theory
History : In mid 1930’s media scholars found the first theory on Media Effects and the Media Behaviors. During second world wars media plays a vital role in both United States and Germany to made influence in the people’s mind. Source: Aaron Amat/Adobe Stock The Germany Hitler’s Nazi used film industry for Propaganda and they| Communication Theory
During most instances, we communicate using a combination of both verbal and non-verbal communication. However, during some instances, one might dominate the other or one might just be the sole medium of communication.| Communication Theory
Introduction Everett Rogers (1931 – 2004) was born at Carroll, Iowa in his family's Farm. He was well-known Professor, Researcher, advisor and a former editor for a newspaper and reporter too. He earned his PhD in 1957 at Iowa State University of Science and Technology in the field of Sociology and statistics. Source: Alfaguarilla/Adobe Stock| Communication Theory
Decision making is a cognitive process of selecting a belief or a course of action after a conscious evaluation of the existing choices and alternatives. This is a complex process and hence it gives room for errors and biases.| Communication Theory
Science communication is a vital process that enables the sharing of scientific knowledge and information with diverse audiences.| Communication Theory
Collaborative decision-making refers to the process where individuals, often from different backgrounds, work together to arrive at a consensus or shared decision.| Communication Theory
Mass communication and journalism are cornerstones of an informed, democratic society. By relaying information on topics ranging from policy and science to culture and the arts.| Communication Theory
Research is a systematic process that seeks multiple fact-checking to answer questions, solve problems, or discover new information. Whether conducted in laboratories, social environments, or fieldwork, research drives advancements across disciplines. Research remains the foundation for knowledge-building and innovation, providing insights that guide decisions in science, society, and industry. Researchers utilize different types of research| Communication Theory
Motivation refers to a process that guides and maintains behaviors towards our goals. Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation are the primary types of motivation.| Communication Theory
Social influence can simply be defined as any change in the thoughts, attitudes, feelings or behaviors as a result of an interaction with an individual or a group.| Communication Theory
Social Identity refers to an individual’s sense of who they are based on which group they belong to. It basically refers to their identity in the context of a group. Henri Tajfel and his student, John Turner developed this theory in the 1970s. Source: gustavofrazao/Adobe Stock Tajfel believed that the groups that an individual belongs| Communication Theory
Facial Expressions are an important form of non-verbal communication. It can be used to convey a wide range of emotions, like happiness, sadness, anger, fear, excitement, contempt, disgust, etc.| Communication Theory
Reasoning is the process of utilizing one’s understanding to solve a problem or conclude an ideal solution. Understanding different types of reasoning will support your knowledge and help you in your professional endeavors.| Communication Theory
David Kolb introduced experiential learning theory. He gave a 4-stage cycle of learning and 4 separate learning styles. He was inspired by the work of Jean Piaget and John Dewey.| Communication Theory
Social intelligence refers to how people attempt to make sense of the social world and to understand self and others. Socially intelligent people tend to be empathetic, thoughtful, understanding and aware. This concept was introduced by Edward Thorndike in 1920.| Communication Theory
According to the American Psychological Association, knowledge is the range of one’s understanding or information. Various types of Knowledge have become an essential part of our daily life.| Communication Theory
Introduction Problem-solving skills are an important part of our lives. Be it a mundane daily activity or at work, most of the time our work is centred around problems and how to solve them. In a managerial set up, most of the work is problem-centric. Be it solving a problem for a client, supporting someone| Communication Theory
Communication is defined as the tendency to give and receive information, verbally or nonverbally. There are various communication styles that use verbal and non-verbal cues. Some of them are effective whereas some of them are ineffective.| Communication Theory
Various aspects of Non-verbal communication including body language, eye-facial expressions, haptics, vocal intonations and proxemics talk about an individual in detail and their psychological state.| Communication Theory
Social skills are skills which facilitate and ensure smooth interaction between people to share needs, ideas, thoughts, feelings, emotions etc. It is also referred to as interpersonal skills.| Communication Theory
Conflict management involves identifying and handling conflict in a fair and sensible manner. It is also known as conflict resolution. There are various conflict management models that explain conflicts and how to manage them.| Communication Theory
Communication models are simplified representations of the overall process that provide a structured way to analyze and understand, highlighting the roles of different elements and their interactions.| Communication Theory
Management Information Systems play a vital role in modern businesses, enabling organizations to harness the power of data for better decision-making, improved efficiency, and competitive advantage.| Communication Theory
Journalism is a powerful tool for informing citizens, shaping public opinion, and enabling democratic participation. At its core, journalism seeks to provide truthful and accurate information.It adheres to ethical standards, promoting transparency and accountability in its reporting. Journalism generally gathers, assesses, creates, and presents any information in news structure to the public which fundamentally aims| Communication Theory
Understanding the types of mass communication can empower teenagers and young adults to consume media critically and express themselves more effectively.| Communication Theory
Communication theory is the systematic study of the principles and processes by which information is transmitted and understood. It explores the dynamics of interaction, the role of context, the impact of culture, and the effects of media.| Communication Theory
The multi-step flow theory proposes that media messages move through multiple layers of communication rather than directly from the source to the audience.| Communication Theory
The transactional model views communication as a continuous and reciprocal process where participants can act simultaneously.| Communication Theory
Albert Bandura introduced the concept of self-efficacy. It refers to an individual’s belief in their capability to do tasks and actions about their well-being and life. It is the belief a person has in their ability to succeed.| Communication Theory
Social comparison theory is a concept proposed by social psychologist, Leon Festinger in the year 1954. Festinger states that humans consistently seek out accurate evaluations of themselves.| Communication Theory
The most successful and empirically backed-up methods and strategies to enhance emotional intelligence are bibliotherapy, Introspection, Self-evaluation, Self-expression, Emotional regulation, Self-reflection and Empathy.| Communication Theory
Anger management is a process to reduce anger or manage it more productively. It includes techniques that help in reducing the physiological arousal and emotional pain that accompanies anger.| Communication Theory
Thinking is defined as a cognitive behavior in which ideas, images, and mental symbols are created. Various types of thinking include critical, creative, analytical etc.| Communication Theory
Maslow's hierarchy of needs was developed by Abraham Maslow in 1943.The various needs of humans to be fulfilled for motivation are physiology, safety, love, esteem needs that helps to attain self-actualization.| Communication Theory
Jean Piaget is another famous cognitive psychologist, who built upon Neisser’s ideas and introduced cognitive development theory. He stated that everyone passes through a fixed pattern of universal stages of cognitive development.| Communication Theory
Emotional Intelligence refers to one’s ability to recognize and monitor own emotions and others, to motivate themselves and manage their own emotions and that of others and exercise self-control.| Communication Theory
Learning is a complex process. Although we may learn something new every day, it is an intricate process requiring many cognitive skills. The term “Bloom’s Taxonomy” may sound so jargon to many ears yet bears such a simple and easily comprehendible meaning. Taxonomy simply refers to categorization. What Is Bloom’s Taxonomy All About? Bloom’s Taxonomy| Communication Theory
According to John Hurley Flavell who introduced metacognition, Metacognition is a higher-order thinking process which involves the ability to think, rationalize, assess and evaluate.| Communication Theory
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs was developed into a simplified three-factor model , by an American psychologist, Clayton Paul Alderfer, known as the ERG theory of motivation.| Communication Theory
The Social cognitive theory developed by Albert Bandura claims that humans acquire beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors by observing environmental events and vicariously learning from them.| Communication Theory
Self-disclosure is the process of sharing information about self with other people. It is an essential component of healthy, enduring relationships as it develops trust and understanding.| Communication Theory
Theory of mind is the tendency or ability to interpret others by labelling mental states onto them. These states include our own biases, beliefs, intentions, thoughts, emotions, desires and opinions. The theory of mind, as the name suggests, includes ‘theories’ that we form for other people’s thoughts and feelings and how they come to exist.| Communication Theory
History It is necessary to improve self-awareness and personal development among individuals when they are in a group. The ‘Johari’ window model is a convenient method used to achieve this task of understanding and enhancing communication between the members in a group. American psychologists Joseph Luft and Harry Ingham developed this model in 1955. The| Communication Theory
