Peptidyl arginine deiminases (PADs) catalyze the conversion of arginine residues into peptidyl citrulline, a posttranslational modification known as protein citrullination (or arginine deimination). This process alters the charge of proteins from positive to neutral, thereby affecting their folding, stability, conformation, and function. PAD2 and PAD4 can translocate into the nucleus and citrullinate both cytoplasmic and nuclear proteins. In this Review, we focus on PAD2- and PAD4-mediated ci...
