Raising kids is tough work, in any language! Here's advice for parents raising their children bilingual, and what they should know about common myths.| Duolingo Blog
Geoff’s Narration The GIST Finally, we have a study that’s worthy of this disease. This is a disease, after all, that affects millions, is one of the most functionally disabling diseases known to man, and mostly strikes people in the prime of their lives. It’s a pretty big bore […] The post Decoding ME: Big Stakes Genetics Study Puts ME/CFS on Firm Biological Foundation appeared first on Health Rising.| Health Rising
Work & Economy Why employers want workers with high EQs Illustration by Liz Zonarich/Harvard Staff Liz Mineo Harvard Staff Writer August 29, 2025 6 min read ‘Future of Jobs’ report highlights value of emotional intelligence A recent report on “The Future of Jobs” by the World Economic Forum found that while analytical thinking is still the most coveted skill among employers, several emotional intelligence skills (i.e., motivation, self-awareness, empathy, and active listening) rank ...| Harvard Gazette
Health What makes us sleepy during the day? Research links by-products of steroid hormone to excessive daytime sleepiness Jacqueline Mitchell BIMDC Communications August 27, 2025 3 min read A new study sheds light on the biological underpinnings of excessive daytime sleepiness, a persistent and inappropriate urge to fall asleep during the day — during work, at meals, even mid-conversation — that interferes with daily functioning. The findings, published in The Lancet eMedicine, open the d...| Harvard Gazette
Science & Tech Solving evolutionary mystery of how humans came to walk upright Gayani Senevirathne (left) holds the shorter, wider human pelvis, which evolved from the longer upper hipbones of primates, which Terence Capellini is displaying. Niles Singer/Harvard Staff Photographer Kermit Pattison Harvard Staff Writer August 27, 2025 6 min read New study identifies genetic, developmental shifts that resculpted pelvis, setting ancestors apart from other primates The pelvis is often called the k...| Harvard Gazette
Health Mediterranean diet offsets genetic risk for dementia, study finds Greatest benefit for those with highest predisposition to Alzheimer’s disease Mass General Brigham Communications August 25, 2025 4 min read New research suggests that following a Mediterranean-style diet may help offset a person’s genetic risk for developing Alzheimer’s disease. The study, published in Nature Medicine and led by investigators from Mass General Brigham, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, ...| Harvard Gazette
Science & Tech Seeding solutions for bipolar disorder Human brain organoid showing the integration of excitatory (magenta) and inhibitory neurons (green) of the cerebral cortex.Credit: Arlotta Lab Kermit Pattison Harvard Staff Writer August 25, 2025 9 min read Brain Science grants promote new approaches to treat the condition and discover underlying causes Paola Arlotta holds up a vial of clear fluid swirling with tiny orbs. When she shakes her wrist, the shapes flutter like the contents of a...| Harvard Gazette
Because the brain encodes new experiences in rich detail and routines as faint traces, we get the sense of time skipping by in-between our key moments and experiences. The post How to Slow Time and Make Life Feel Richer appeared first on David R Hamilton PHD.| David R Hamilton PHD
Human connection is shaped by body language, silence, compliments, and digital validation, each influencing trust, belonging, and self-worth. The post The Silent Rules of Relationships: Body Language, Ghosting, Compliments, and Social Media appeared first on Psychreg.| Psychreg
To better understand how the brain navigates waking up at any moment, the researchers specifically studied awakening patterns in REM and non-REM sleep.| Sleep Review
We’re born ready to learn a language—but what would happen if no one taught us one? Here are the surprising stories of how kids create languages.| Duolingo Blog
A unique placebo-controlled study has found daily caffeine consumption can significantly reduce the volume of gray matter in the human brain. The researchers stress these findings do not imply caffeine negatively impacts the brain but instead suggest the drug may induce a kind of temporary neural…| New Atlas
Can Cannabis Help Make The Brain Younger The quest for eternal youth and health has gone on for thousands of years, but can cannabis help make the brain younger? The post Can Cannabis Help Make The Brain Younger appeared first on The Fresh Toast.| The Fresh Toast
Much research has helped paint a picture of the relationship between sugar and our brain's reward system, though there remains many blanks to be filled. Scientists in Denmark have now offered further insights into how the sweet stuff reshapes our brain chemistry, by performing experiments on pigs…| New Atlas
Not necessarily you, personally. But maybe you. If so, you should stop doing that. When I came across a promising article posted on a writers’ website titled “The World Needs Writers Now More than Ever” I could do nothing but nod in agreement, although my perspective runs more along the lines of when hasn’t the […] The post You Give Truth a Bad Name appeared first on Farther to Go!.| Farther to Go!
It isn’t exactly news, but the evidence that we are all walking around, unaware, inside our personal fog of vagueness is becoming hard to ignore. We not only lack clarity, but we are also unable to pin down (be specific about) what’s important to us. We use words, we engage in verbal communication, we consider […] The post What Are So-Called<br> Secondary Emotions? appeared first on Farther to Go!.| Farther to Go!
We can’t ask (or answer) true or false questions about something if it isn’t real to begin with. By that, I mean that reality and truth are not the same thing. I also mean that there’s a hierarchy in that we have to first determine the reality of something before we can entertain questions about […] The post It’s a Schabziger Moon. Or Is It? appeared first on Farther to Go!.| Farther to Go!
A couple of weeks ago, I read an article by a philosophy professor, Karen Simecek, who said that conceiving of our lives as narratives is a bad idea. She thinks it’s a bad idea because some narratives are negative or have a negative effect, presumably on the narrator. She didn’t mention the brain in her […] The post Where Are We Going, Walt Whitman? appeared first on Farther to Go!.| Farther to Go!
Range: the extent or scope of something. Imagine a pendulum swinging between two states: feeling good and feeling bad. When we experience liking (or “here and now”) neurochemicals, the pendulum swings in one direction. When we experience disliking neurochemicals, the pendulum swings in the other direction. The range of motion between the two states represents […]| Farther to Go!
Diz Runs Radio · 1308 QT: You’ve Got a Brain, Might as Well Use It Become a Patron! Like it or not, AI is taking over just about everything. Running isn’t being spared by the robot revolution. In case you haven’t noticed, it’s actually well underway. Not All Doom and Gloom I’ll admit it, I’m […] The post QT: You’ve Got a Brain, Might as Well Use It appeared first on DizRuns.com.| DizRuns.com
Geoff’s Narration The GIST “We’re seeing things in the front of the brain, we’re seeing issues in the back of the brain, we’re seeing a lot of things in between…this is a brain-wide issue”. It’s safe to say that the ME/CFS brain is an inflamed brain.” Jarred Younger Jarred […] The post Jarred Younger Finds a VERY Inflamed Brain in ME/CFS appeared first on Health Rising.| Health Rising
Geoff’s Narrations The GIST There are “clinical trials”, “Clinical Trials”, and “CLINICAL TRIALS”. We in the ME/CFS world are used to small “clinical trials” that contain maybe a couple of dozen people, may or may not be placebo-controlled and randomized or not, etc., and are too small to tell […] The post An Inflammation Buster for Long COVID? The Bezisterim Clinical Trial appeared first on Health Rising.| Health Rising
Health Brain implants that don’t leave scars Axoft’s flexible brain implant. Axoft Inc. Kirsten Mabry Harvard Office of Technology Development August 14, 2025 6 min read Harvard startup is developing a softer device to monitor head injuries Traumatic brain injuries vary in severity from mild to life-threatening, but neurologists have limited tools to assess the damage. While examinations and external imaging can help, neural probes — devices that create brain-computer interfaces — ar...| Harvard Gazette
Tomer D. Ullman.Niles Singer/Harvard Staff Photographer Science & Tech Researchers uncover surprising limit on human imagination Humans can track a handful of objects visually, but their imaginations can only handle one Christy DeSmith Harvard Staff Writer August 13, 2025 4 min read Human beings can juggle up to 10 balls at once. But how many can they move through the air with their imaginations? The answer, published last month in Nature Communications, astonished even the researchers pursui...| Harvard Gazette
Science & Tech Possible clue into movement disorders like Parkinson’s, others Kiah Hardcastle.Stephanie Mitchell/Harvard Staff Photographer Kermit Pattison Harvard Staff Writer August 11, 2025 4 min read Rodent study suggests different signaling ‘languages’ in parts of brain for learned skills, natural behaviors Among the many wonders of the brain is its ability to master movements through practice — a dance step, piano sonata, or tying our shoes. For decades, neuroscientists have k...| Harvard Gazette
Veasey Conway/Harvard Staff Photographer Health ‘Hopeful message’ on brain disease Researcher Sanjula Singh has looked at stroke, dementia, late-life depression for years, finds lifestyle changes make big difference Jacob Sweet Harvard Staff Writer August 11, 2025 7 min read Part of the Profiles of Progress series Sanjula Singh wants people to know that stroke, dementia, and depression are much more preventable than they might think. “The most common misconception that a lot of people h...| Harvard Gazette
Health Could lithium explain — and treat — Alzheimer’s? In a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease, lithium deficiency (right) dramatically increased amyloid beta deposits in the brain compared with mice that had normal physiological levels of lithium (left). Bottom row: The same was true for the Alzheimer’s neurofibrillary tangle protein tau.Yankner Lab Stephanie Dutchen HMS Communications August 6, 2025 9 min read Study offers new theory of disease and strategy for fighting it What i...| Harvard Gazette
The Pain-Relief Technique You Can Do With Your Eyes Closed This week’s Better You, Backed by Science is about reducing pain – using nothing but your mind. In a fascinating brand new study, people with painful knee arthritis got just as much relief from visualising treatment as from actually receiving it – and the “real” treatment involved ultrasound,… The post The Pain-Relief Technique You Can Do With Your Eyes Closed appeared first on David R Hamilton PHD.| David R Hamilton PHD
The Gratitude Trick that Boosts Mood and Sleep This week’s Better You, Backed by Science email is about gratitude – and how it can boost your mood and help you sleep better. We all know how it feels when someone thanks us for something we’ve done. It’s warm. It lifts us. It can even turn a bad… The post The Gratitude Trick that Boosts Mood and Sleep appeared first on David R Hamilton PHD.| David R Hamilton PHD
A green tea extract and vitamin B3 combo may hold the key to reviving the brain’s natural cleanup crew, restoring energy, clearing toxic Alzheimer’s proteins, and giving aging neurons a second wind, according to new research.| New Atlas
Antonella Zanobetti.Veasey Conway/Harvard Staff Photographer Health Is dirty air driving up dementia rates? Federal funding cuts halt 3 studies exploring how pollution and heat affect the brain and heart Liz Mineo Harvard Staff Writer August 4, 2025 4 min read Antonella Zanobetti was conducting groundbreaking research to examine links between exposure to environmental factors, such as pollution and heat, and deadly neurological and cardiovascular diseases. But three of her studies came to a h...| Harvard Gazette
Health Getting to the root of teen distracted driving Anna Lamb Harvard Staff Writer July 29, 2025 3 min read 7 in 10 young people use cellphones while behind the wheel, finds a new study that also takes a look at why Every year, hundreds of people die in automobile accidents involving distracted teen drivers. A new study zeroes in on one of the most common forms of distraction, cellphone use, exploring how often young people engage in the risky behavior and why. A team of public health resea...| Harvard Gazette
This three-piece worksheet is an adapted excerpt from my COVID Kid's Activity Book. This bundle includes two worksheets, with three pages total. The Feeling Forecast is a coloring book page and activity designed to teach| LindsayBraman.com
A new Emotion-Sensation Feeling Wheel: The outer circle contains words that describe a sensation that someone might feel in their body if they were feeling the corresponding emotion.| LindsayBraman.com
feature art Dopamine Mail: A Mail Club for Adults Who Want Joy in Their Mailbox When I was 10, I was obsessed with penpals and mail clubs. Thankfully, I was 10 in the sunset of analog mail– just before the Internet took over communications entirely. And though I evolved with the Internet- I’ve never managed...| LindsayBraman.com
Pharmaceutical companies Eisai and Biogen have announced the first results from a Phase 3 human trial testing a drug designed to treat symptoms of dementia associated with Alzheimer’s disease. The drug seems to be successful at slowing cognitive decline, making it the first drug to ever effectively…| New Atlas
A new Alzheimer’s disease treatment has been controversially approved for use in the United States despite an independent Food and Drug Administration (FDA) advisory panel reporting last year the drug’s Phase 3 trial results were inconclusive. The approval marks the first new treatment for…| New Atlas
A new study has somewhat redeemed the tau protein, which up to now has been associated with the development of Alzheimer’s disease. Turns out, the protein has a ‘good guy’ role, helping to protect against harmful free radicals in the brain and promoting healthy aging.| New Atlas
Scientific studies continue to show us how exercise can bring a range of cognitive benefits, from limiting the risk of Alzheimer's to giving an immediate boost to our learning capabilities. Researchers working in this area at the University of South Australia have turned their attention to…| New Atlas
A daily practice to support your heart, brain, and immune system There’s a lot of buzz around the vagus nerve these days, but many people still don’t fully understand what it is, how it works, or why it matters so much for health. So this week’s Better You, Backed by Science is dedicated to why “toning” your vagus nerve… The post Why “toning” your vagus nerve can boost your health appeared first on David R Hamilton PHD.| David R Hamilton PHD
How does ChatGPT affect memory, brain activity, and critical thinking? A neuroscientist breaks down the science behind the MIT study. The post Is ChatGPT really rotting our brains? appeared first on Ness Labs.| Ness Labs
How Joyce Lee-Iannotti, MD, leverages sleep care for stroke prevention.| Sleep Review
Yutthana Gaetgeaw/Getty Images Science & Tech Taking a second look at executive function New study suggests what has long been considered innate aspect of human cognition may be more a matter of schooling Clea Simon Harvard Correspondent July 23, 2025 4 min read Executive function — top-down processes by which the human mind controls behavior, regulating thoughts and actions — have long been studied using a standard set of tools, with these assessments being included in national and inter...| Harvard Gazette
The Peromyscus maniculatus lives in densely vegetated prairies. Dawn Marsh/Creative Commons Science & Tech You’re a deer mouse, and bird is diving at you. What to do? Depends. Neural study shows how evolution prepared two species to adopt different survival strategies to take advantage of native habitats Kermit Pattison Harvard Staff Writer July 23, 2025 6 min read For a mouse, survival in the wild often boils down to one urgent question: flee or freeze? The best strategy depends on which m...| Harvard Gazette
Stanford researcher Abhinav Anne argues for better mental health care centered around neuroscience research and proactive measures, not only at elite research institutions, but in community clinics as well. The post From the Community | What we’re getting wrong about mental health — and what neuroscience really tells us appeared first on The Stanford Daily.| The Stanford Daily
The acrylic plexiglass dome of a modern submersible is a technological marvel, but it is also extremely dangerous. A small crack, and it is gone. | Cassandra's Legacy
‘This is possibly the single largest design flaw contributing to the bad Nash equilibrium in which … many governments are stuck. Every individual high-functioning competent person knows they can’t make much difference by being one more face in that crowd.’ Eliezer Yudkowsky, AI expert, LessWrong etc. ‘[M]uch of our intellectual elite who think they have […]| Dominic Cummings's Blog
A few years after the 1918 Spanish Flu pandemic doctors around the world began to notice an increase in new Parkinson’s disease cases. This link between viral infection and increased Parkinson’s risk has been an ongoing mystery to scientists for well over a century. And the association isn’t just…| New Atlas
New research led by scientists from Australia’s La Trobe University suggests proteins generated by the SARS-CoV-2 virus can form into aggregations similar to those found in the brains of patients with Alzheimer’s disease. The researchers hypothesize this mechanism may underpin the persistent…| New Atlas
New evidence has been published in the journal Science Advances, adding weight to the link between Alzheimer’s disease and the common herpes virus. The Tufts University study, using a 3D bioengineered brain model, demonstrated how a herpes infection can induce a number of Alzheimer’s features,…| New Atlas
Anna Abraham is the E. Paul Torrance Professor and Director of the Torrance Center for Creativity and Talent Development at the University of Georgia. She is the author of 'The Neuroscience of Creativity' and the editor of the multidisciplinary volume 'The Cambridge Handbook of the Imagination'. In this interview she discusses her latest book, 'The Creative Brain: Myths and Truths', which draws on theoretical and empirical work in cognitive psychology and neuroscience, and offers an examinati...| Interalia Magazine
While festivals can certainly be frantic and fun, it's also possible to achieve some peace and relaxation at Latitude. Here's where to find some brain-boosting and mind-soothing moments at the event…| My Thrifty Life by Cassie Fairy
Air pollution is increasingly recognized as having negative effects on brain health. Here we take a look at what those are.| Neurofrontiers
I've been on a rabbit hole to learn more about the human memory after watching college kids perform seemingly impossible memory feats on a tv variety show. It has made me reflect on my own poor working memory. A few years ago I attended a bicycle building class: I struggled badly with remembering the instructions...| Winnie Lim
We’ve all heard of affirmations. “I can do it.” “Money is coming to me now.” “All is well. Everything is working out for my highest good.” Those sorts of things. I love affirmations. I’ve used them all through my adult life and have found them incredibly helpful. But have you heard of self-affirmations? That one word… The post The Power of SELF affirmations – How to strengthen from the inside out appeared first on David R Hamilton PHD.| David R Hamilton PHD
Scientists have identified six depression biotypes according to brain activity. This could personalize depression diagnosis and treatment.| The Best Brain Possible
Half of glioblastoma patients have a subtype that doesn’t respond to any approved cancer drugs. A new experimental treatment from The Wertheim UF Scripps Institute shows promise in mouse studies. Clinical trials are coming soon.| The Herbert Wertheim UF Scripps Institute for Biomedical Innovation & Tec...
Based on a study of nearly 3,000 adults, one particular, simple diet has been shown to result in improved communication and structure of the brain's white matter. The more participants adhered to the eating plan, the better the improvements.| New Atlas
The Humans of the Wyss (HOW) series features members of the Wyss community discussing their work, the influences that shape them as professionals, and their collaborations at the Wyss Institute and beyond. In 2018, Sanjid Shahriar started developing two new skills: powerlifting and computational biology. Each was started with an initial goal of complementing things he already possessed…| Wyss InstituteWyss Institute
Flexibility is a cardinal virtue in physical fitness, and according to political psychologist and neuroscientist Leor Zmigrod, it can be a cardinal […]| Social Science Space
Alternating between a standard calorie-restricted diet plan and one high in fat and sugar, which can result in regaining lost weight and then some, is not just down to psychology and behavior. This kind of weight-loss sabotage – or yo-yo dieting – has a surprising biological driver: The gut.| New Atlas
A neck crack might do more than relieve tension, it could actually shift your brainwaves. This study reveals how that audible pop may help your brain relax and rebalance in real time.| KetoVale
Taking inspiration from the CAR T-cell technology used to provide personalized cancer treatments, researchers have conducted a proof-of-concept study showing how similar compounds can precisely target protein tangles and plaques in the brain.| New Atlas
Inspiration can come in unexpected places. My family has lived a short drive from the National Museum of Health and Medicine (in Maryland) for many years. For a while, I wondered about the exhibits inside, but kept putting off going there. Until a couple years ago, when my daughter Tess and I ventured inside. It… Continue reading Brain in a Jar→| Dave Williams
Learning a new language takes practice and patience. Duolingo teaching experts share their favorite tips for learning a new language.| Duolingo Blog
How you learn new information influences how you can use it later. Here's what the science says about implicit and explicit learning techniques.| Duolingo Blog
Your brain is a pattern-finding machine, and it uses complex statistics to find patterns in language. Here's how it makes sense of the language you're learning!| Duolingo Blog
Your brain has to make quick decisions about what's worth paying attention to—and can be tempted by distractions! Here are tips for getting your brain to stay focused.| Duolingo Blog
Learning a new language is as tough as it is fun, but some people make it look so easy! Are some people just better at languages? The answer is complicated.| Duolingo Blog
Here are tips for language learners with ADHD to help with motivation and time management!| Duolingo Blog
New research from Baycrest and York University reveals that the process of learning a new language improves cognitive function.| Duolingo Blog
Language learners are constantly studying new words and grammar—but how much is too much? Here's the science behind the ideal amount of difficulty.| Duolingo Blog
Researchers at the University of Glasgow just achieved what many thought impossible: transmitting light completely through an adult human head from one temple to the other.| Study Finds
Rabbit behavior expert Tamsin Stone shares the story of Scamp, a wild rabbit she raised by hand, and how he reshaped her understanding of rabbit care. From bonding challenges to enrichment tips, this conversation offers practical insights for every rabbit guardian.| Rabbit.org Foundation
It can feel like some words are more meaningful than others—so couldn't languages be simpler? The answer is yes… sort of! Here's why we need useless words.| Duolingo Blog
Psilocybin induces consistent and sustained changes in brain network connectivity, particularly between the hippocampus and default mode network, as shown using high-resolution fMRI in healthy adults. These neural effects, distinct from those produced by methylphenidate, may underlie the drug’s psychological benefits and were reproducible within individuals over time.| News-Medical
Researchers have found that greenspace exposure is associated with widespread patterns of structural brain development during early adolescence, which in turn are associated with better academic and mental outcomes.| News-Medical
Learners know how difficult it is to keep up with conversations in a new language. Here’s why understanding spoken language is so hard!| Duolingo Blog
You often don’t need to **know** (be sure) to be **right**. To be right more often, you need to know more, which helps improve your heuristics. And there are some bits of knowledge which can help you be right way more often than others…| Niklas Oberhuber’s Blog
UK researchers have, for the first time, identified a genetic pathway in the brain that plays a key role in controlling anxiety, opening the door to the development of more effective treatments in the future.| New Atlas
We started watching korean variety shows since they started appearing on Netflix. I think it started with Physical 100 which gave me the push I needed to get started on my own strength training journey. Physical 100's participants were widely varied so they feel more relatable compared to professional athletes. It was mind-opening to see...| Winnie Lim
I first came across this term when I was browsing the subreddits for adhd and autistic women. After reading more about it I realised belatedly (in my 40s) that I have been coping with this my entire life. Strangely just finding a name to something formerly ambiguous can bring so much clarity and comfort, along...| Winnie Lim
The connection between food and memory is one of those fundamentally human experiences we can all relate to. A compelling new study from the University of Southern California has revealed an intriguing explanation behind this phenomenon, and it illustrates how strongly the "second brain" in our gut…| New Atlas
Scientists at Yale University have uncovered an overlooked mechanism that may be behind the symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease. The team points the finger at small swellings on axons near plaques that build up in the brain, and identified a protein that could be a biomarker for early detection of the…| New Atlas
Is knowing multiple dialects the same as knowing multiple languages? They have more in common than you might think! Here's how your brain handles both.| Duolingo Blog
Duolingo teaching experts share what makes a language "easier" for some to learn, and how to select what language you want to learn!| Duolingo Blog
Duolingo teaching experts explain what you can learn from silly sentences.| Duolingo Blog
Language learners know how hard it is to think in a new language. Here are tips for practicing this skill, starting from Day 1!| Duolingo Blog
Learning a second language changes how your brain works—so what about learning a third language? Here's how your brain handles this new task.| Duolingo Blog
Substance abuse affects every age, gender and ethnicity, but individuals may choose to use different substances depending on their age. For...| Discovery Mood & Anxiety Program
Overthinking can lead to anxiety and depression, but you can learn how to stop it. With practice, you can shift from chaos to calm.| The Best Brain Possible
We interviewed bilinguals to learn what it feels like to know multiple languages.| Duolingo Blog
Many people grow up hearing multiple languages, but it doesn't always mean they can speak them. How does that happen?| Duolingo Blog
Matt: Hi, Victoria! How are you doing this morning? Victoria: Good. Well, it’s evening for me here in England. Matt: Right. Well, really lovely to connect with you. Victoria: Ye…| Footnotes2Plato
Science suggests that microplastics can cross the blood-brain barrier and impact your neurological health. Here's what you need to know.| The Best Brain Possible
It wasn't that long ago that the only way to test for Alzheimer's disease was to perform an autopsy on someone who had been suffering from dementia to look for the telltale tangles of tau and amyloid proteins in the brain. While these tangles are not necessarily the cause of Alzheimer's disease,…| New Atlas
The very first blood test for Alzheimer's disease detection has been green-lit by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), providing a simpler and less invasive method for early diagnosis and speedier intervention. It's a milestone moment for medical science.| New Atlas
We all know the many health effects that a diet high in saturated fat and refined sugar has on our bodies. Now, in the first study of its kind on humans, scientists find that it appears to also negatively impact a specific part of our brains.| New Atlas
Enhance brain optimization and mental clarity with NAD+ therapy. Support focus, memory, and overall brain health naturally at Conscious Health.| Conscious Health Center
A Duolingo expert answers questions about how to become fluent in a new language, and how we define fluency.| Duolingo Blog