National Center for Biotechnology Information
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Traumatic injury is the leading cause of death among individuals younger than 45 years old [1]. Eighty percent of traumatic injury is blunt with the majority of deaths secondary to hypovolemic shock [2]. In fact, intraperitoneal bleeds occur in 12% of blunt trauma [3]; therefore, it is essential to identify trauma quickly. The optimal test should be rapid, accurate, and non-invasive. Historically, providers performed diagnostic peritoneal lavage (DPL) to detect hemoperitoneum. While extreme...| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Sleep loss and sleep disorders are among the most common yet frequently overlooked and readily treatable health problems. It is estimated that 50 to 70 million Americans chronically suffer from a disorder of sleep and wakefulness, hindering daily functioning and adversely affecting health and longevity (NHLBI, 2003). Questions about sleep are seldom asked by physicians (Namen et al., 1999, 2001). For example, about 80 to 90 percent of adults with clinically significant sleep-disordered breath...| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Alcohol use disorder is a common condition that has been associated with severe impairments in social functioning and medical problems. As high as 20% of the population have been noted to exhibit alcohol overuse during their lifespan. More than 50% of those with a history of alcohol use disorder can exhibit alcohol withdrawal symptoms at discontinuing or decreasing their alcohol use. However, only a few (3% to 5%) exhibit symptoms of severe alcohol withdrawal with profound confusion, autonomi...| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Nosocomial infections, also known as healthcare-associated infections (HAIs, which will be further used throughout), are acquired during healthcare delivery and are not present at the time of admission. They may develop in hospitals, long-term care facilities, ambulatory settings, or post-discharge and include occupational infections affecting healthcare personnel. HAIs result from the transmission of pathogens to a susceptible host. Risk factors include invasive procedures, surgeries, indw...| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Intensive outpatient treatment (IOT) programs use a variety of theoretical approaches to treatment. No definitive research has established a best approach to treatment, and many factors (such as client characteristics and duration of treatment) influence research outcomes. However, studies have found positive associations between several treatment approaches and client outcomes.| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
The “dawn phenomenon” refers to periodic episodes of hyperglycemia occurring in the early morning hours. Originally described in the early 1980s by Schmidt et al.[1], the dawn phenomenon differs from the Somogyi effect in that it is not preceded by an episode of hypoglycemia. Understanding and differentiating between these two clinical entities becomes critical in the optimal management of diabetes.[2]| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Gonadotropin hormone-releasing hormone (GnRH) is the key regulator of the reproductive axis. Its pulsatile secretion determines the pattern of secretion of the gonadotropins, follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone, which then regulate both the endocrine function and gamete maturation in the gonads. Recent years have seen rapid developments in how GnRH secretion is regulated, with the discovery of the kisspeptin-neurokinin-dynorphin neuronal network in the hypothalamus. This medi...| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
In 1905, Nikolai Korotkov, a Russian military surgeon, wrote a 281-word report for the imperial medical military academy detailing his auscultatory technique for determining systolic and diastolic blood pressure. This technique requires only a sphygmomanometer (blood pressure cuff) and a stethoscope to listen to what is now known as Korotkoff sounds.[1]| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
The concept of childhood is relatively new; in most medieval societies, childhood did not exist. At approximately seven years of age, children were considered little adults with similar expectations for a job, marriage, and legal consequences. Charles Darwin originated ideas of childhood development in his work on the origins of ethology (the scientific study of the evolutionary basis of behavior) and "A Biographical Sketch of an Infant," first published in 1877.| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Since 1860, and more recently, in 1972, low carbohydrate (low-carb) diets have been a strategy for weight loss. Today, there continues to be an interest in low-carb approaches. While all low-carbohydrate approaches reduce the overall intake of carbohydrates, no clear consensus on what defines a low-carb diet exists. There are 3 macronutrients—carbohydrates (4 kcal/g), fat (9 kcal/g), and protein (4 kcal/g)—found in food. Therefore, studies have defined low carbohydrate as a percent of da...| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
New & Updated| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
The health belief model (HBM) is a foundational framework in health behavior research. It was conceptualized in the 1950s to help understand preventative health behavior by social psychologists working in the United States Public Health Service (USPHS), specifically "the widespread failure of people to accept disease preventatives or screening tests for the early detection of asymptomatic disease." The model focuses on how individuals perceive health threats and decide to act based on the val...| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Coping is defined as the thoughts and behaviors mobilized to manage internal and external stressful situations.[1] It is a term used distinctively for conscious and voluntary mobilization of acts, different from 'defense mechanisms' that are subconscious or unconscious adaptive responses, both of which aim to reduce or tolerate stress.[2]| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Medical errors have more recently been recognized as a serious public health problem, reported as the third leading cause of death in the US.[1] However, because medical errors are comprised of different types of failures (eg, diagnostic or medication errors) that can result in various outcomes (eg, near-miss, injury, or no harm), estimates of the incidence of medical errors vary widely in studies. One study reported that approximately 400,000 hospitalized patients experience some preventable...| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
From a culinary perspective, salt has many desirable properties. Added salt improves the sensory properties of virtually every food that humans consume, and it is cheap. There are many reasons for adding salt to foods. The main reason is that, in many cases, added salt enhances the positive sensory attributes of foods, even some otherwise unpalatable foods; it makes them “taste” better. For people who are accustomed to high levels of salt in their food, its abrupt absence can make foods ...| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
The goal of this book is to "be your guide" and say "see here and see there" as the reader becomes skilled in the techniques and analysis of clinical data. This third edition of Clinical Methods has undergone substantial revision based upon feedback from students and other users of the first two editions. These changes enhance the usefulness of the book and help us to achieve our goal of providing clinicians and students with the best current knowledge of the techniques of collecting and usin...| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Humanistic and existential psychotherapies use a wide range of approaches to case conceptualization, therapeutic goals, intervention strategies, and research methodologies. They are united by an emphasis on understanding human experience and a focus on the client rather than the symptom. Psychological problems (including substance abuse disorders) are viewed as the result of inhibited ability to make authentic, meaningful, and self-directed choices about how to live. Consequently, interventio...| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Digital tools can make the routine aspects of nearly every research task easier, from observation to publication. Computer systems have become more powerful and are used to create models of highly complex phenomena—such as cloud cover patterns. The proliferation of data on the world's networks is making available at a mouse-click information that has traditionally required hard, time-consuming work to gather. Digital technologies not only facilitate traditional research tasks, but also enab...| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
C-reactive protein (CRP), first identified by Tillett and Francis in 1930, derives its name from its reaction with the C carbohydrate antigen in the capsule of Streptococcus pneumoniae during acute inflammation. CRP is a pentameric protein synthesized by the liver in response to inflammation, with a molecular weight of approximately 115 kDa. This substance exhibits a characteristic "jelly-like lectin fold."[1]| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Anxiety describes an uncomfortable emotional state characterized by inner turmoil and dread over anticipated future events. Anxiety is closely related and overlaps with fear, a response to perceived and actual threats. Anxiety often results in nervousness, rumination, pacing, and somatization. Every human experiences anxiety because it is an evolved behavioral response to prepare an individual to detect and deal with threats.[1] Anxiety becomes pathological when it is so overwhelming that...| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Moisturizers can be defined as topical formulations containing substances that are intended to increase the hydration of the skin and restore its natural protective barrier function. Moisturizers are commonly used in dermatology to treat and prevent various skin conditions, such as eczema, xerosis, lichen simplex, etc.[1]| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Acute and chronic pain remain important health problems in the United States and worldwide. With the rise in the prevalence of many chronic degenerative diseases across the globe, the distribution and absolute numbers of persons experiencing acute and chronic pain have continued to increase.[1] As a result, pain management has come to the forefront of the public health community.| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
The N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor is a glutamate receptor, the human brain's primary excitatory neurotransmitter. It plays an integral role in synaptic plasticity, a neuronal mechanism believed to be the basis of memory formation. NMDA receptors also appear to be involved in a process called excitotoxicity. Excitotoxicity may play a role in the pathophysiology of a variety of diseases, such as epilepsy or Alzheimer disease. Many drugs inhibit NMDA receptors, including ketamine and phen...| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Django project django-bibliography| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Falls account for one of the most common and serious issues contributing to a disability, especially among older individuals. Tinetti et al. in 1988 defined a fall as an event that results in a person coming to rest on the ground or other lower-level unintentionally, which is not as a result of a major intrinsic event (such as stroke) or overwhelming hazard. There is a direct correlation between falls and mortality, morbidity, and reduced functionality. Falls occur with high frequency in the ...| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Since the 1950s, electrical currents have been used to create predictable thermal lesions; however, the use of radiofrequency for intractable pain did not appear in the literature until the 1970s. The basic premise involves the passage of radiofrequency currents through an electrode placed near a nociceptive pathway to interrupt the pain impulses. The thermal energy creates a predictable area of tissue destruction that is targeted to contain the nerves responsible for transmitting and/or modu...| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Epidural steroid injections have been used to treat pain caused by lumbar disc injuries since the 1950s.[1][2][3] These injections are often used in treating radicular pain, a neuropathic pain syndrome that radiates down a dermatome of 1 or more spinal nerves. Typically, the pain is due to nerve root irritation from mechanical compression by an intervertebral herniated disc, leading to inflammation. Additional etiologies leading to mechanical spinal nerve compression include spondylosis, s...| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Facet joint injections are one of the most commonly performed procedures amongst all spinal interventions.[1] Facet joint pain can arise from osteoarthritis, segmental instability, trauma, meniscoid impingement, and inflammatory synovitis.[2][3] Patients with facet joint pain may present with symptoms of neck pain, back pain, and pain worsened with hyperextension, bending laterally, and rotation.| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
As the United States endures 2 decades of ongoing warfare, both the media and individuals with personal military connections have raised significant public and professional concerns about the mental health of veterans and service members.[1] The most widely publicized mental health challenges veterans and service members encounter are posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression. Research indicates that approximately 14% to 16% of the US service members deployed to Afghanistan and Ir...| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
The availability of some nutrients can have immediate effects on behavior, especially on the ability to respond to stimulation. Several studies suggest that brain function, including cognitive processing, responds to changes in nutrients.| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Structure of [6]-gingerol, believed to be the most abundant bioactive component of ginger root.| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
To control quality of swimming pool water, a filtering system is usually not adequate. To control or prevent growth of organisms in swimming pool water non-professional users may treat private pools. For disinfection, appropriate balanced water chemistry is required to maintain an adequate active chlorine level. The active chlorine (free chlorine) disinfectant is used to sanitize, i.e. to kill disease-causing organisms, and to oxidize, i.e. to destroy ammonia, nitrogen-containing contaminants...| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Neurophysiological and hormonal processes are vital for maintaining normal sleep patterns and homeostasis. A healthy sleep structure is essential for promoting and safeguarding physical and mental well-being. Sleep provides numerous benefits, including energy conservation, physical recuperation, brain plasticity enhancement, memory consolidation, emotion processing, and cognitive integration. Disrupted sleep activates the body's natural mechanisms to restore a balanced sleep cycle.| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Substance-induced disorders are distinct from independent co-occurring mental disorders in that all or most of the psychiatric symptoms are the direct result of substance use. This is not to state that substance-induced disorders preclude co-occurring mental disorders, only that the specific symptom cluster at a specific point in time is more likely the result of substance use, abuse, intoxication, or withdrawal than of underlying mental illness. A client might even have both independent and ...| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
De Quervain tenosynovitis, named after Swiss surgeon Fritz de Quervain, is a condition that involves tendon entrapment affecting the first dorsal compartment of the wrist. With this condition, thickening and myxoid degeneration of the tendon sheaths around the abductor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis brevis develop where the tendons pass in through the fibro-osseous tunnel located along the radial styloid at the distal wrist.[1] Pain is exacerbated by thumb movement and radial and uln...| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Obesity has become a crisis in modern western society. Many patients may elect to undergo surgery for weight loss. Dumping syndrome is a condition that occurs in patients who have had gastric surgery. The alteration of gastrointestinal physiology produces undesired effects for the patient that results from the rapid movement of hyperosmolar chyme from the stomach into the small intestine.[1][2][3][4]| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Although physicians commonly utilize screening instruments to identify cognitive problems and psychological issues in patients with various neurological etiologies, situations frequently arise when referral to a neuropsychologist is needed for a more comprehensive assessment.[1] Screening instruments, such as the Mini-Mental State Examination, are sensitive to moderate to severe cognitive impairment but relatively insensitive to milder forms of impairment; they are also susceptible to lower ...| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Glucose is central to energy consumption. Carbohydrates and proteins ultimately break down into glucose, which then serves as the primary metabolic fuel of mammals and the universal fuel of the fetus. Fatty acids are metabolized to ketones. Ketones cannot be used in gluconeogenesis. Glucose serves as the major precursor for the synthesis of different carbohydrates like glycogen, ribose, deoxyribose, galactose, glycolipids, glycoproteins, and proteoglycans. On the contrary, in plants, glucos...| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
In general, e-cigarettes often contain ingredients such as propylene glycol (PG) and glycerol, mixed with concentrated flavors and, optionally, a variable percentage of nicotine. Quantitative and qualitative studies have identified a wide variety of chemical components in the cartridges, refill solutions, and aerosols of e-cigarettes. Herrington and Myers (2015) have detected approximately 60 to 70 compounds (unidentified and identified) in each liquid tested, only varying by several constitu...| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Semaglutide, a glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist, is approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as 3 separate brand name medications—Ozempic®, Wegovy®, and Rybelsus®. Each brand name comes with its own associated indications, preparations, and dosages to consider. The Rybelsus® tablet brand demonstrates efficacy in improving glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Ozempic® injectable brand provides an additional indication of re...| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Nutritional Requirements for L-lysine, L-Carnitine, Calories, and Natural Protein for Infants and Children with GA-1| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Comparison of the NCSBN Clinical Judgment Measurement Model to the Nursing Process| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
A herniated disc in the spine is a condition during which a nucleus pulposus is displaced from intervertebral space. It is a common cause of back pain. The patients who experience pain related to a herniated disc often remember an inciting event that caused their pain. Unlike mechanical back pain, herniated disc pain is often burning or stinging and may radiate into the lower extremities. Furthermore, in more severe cases, there can be associated with weakness or sensation changes. In the spi...| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Digital health refers to the use of information and communications technologies in medicine and other health professions to manage illnesses and health risks and to promote wellness. Digital health has a broad scope and includes the use of wearable devices, mobile health, telehealth, health information technology, and telemedicine. Digital Health has been gaining momentum because it is envisioned to:| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Parthenogenesis is the biological phenomenon by which embryonic development is initiated without male contribution. Whereas parthenogenesis is a common mode of reproduction in lower organisms, the mammalian parthenote fails to produce a successful pregnancy. We herein describe in vitro parthenogenetic development of monkey (Macaca fascicularis) eggs to the blastocyst stage, and their use to create a pluripotent line of stem cells. These monkey stem cells (Cyno-1 cells) are positive for telome...| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Introduction| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
ArabicKurkum, Uqdah safra| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Family structures in America have become more complex—growing from the traditional nuclear family to single‐parent families, stepfamilies, foster families, and multigenerational families. Therefore, when a family member abuses substances, the effect on the family may differ according to family structure. This chapter discusses treatment issues likely to arise in different family structures that include a person abusing substances. For example, the non–substance‐abusing parent may act ...| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
A substance use disorder is a medical illness characterized by clinically significant impairments in health, social function, and voluntary control over substance use.2 Substance use disorders range in severity, duration, and complexity from mild to severe. In 2015, 20.8 million people aged 12 or older met criteria for a substance use disorder. While historically the great majority of treatment has occurred in specialty substance use disorder treatment programs with little involvement by prim...| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
This chapter describes recent changes in the structure of health insurance and health-care delivery in the United States and how the changes have altered how people who have chronic diseases and disabling conditions receive health care. Over the past several decades, there have been many efforts to change incentive structures in health care, all with the goal of reducing health-care costs while improving patient health outcomes. Most important among them was the Patient Protection and Afforda...| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Activation of the visceral motor system, particularly the sympathetic division, was long considered an all-or-nothing process. Once effective stimuli engaged the system, it was argued, a widespread discharge of all of its components ensued. More recent studies have shown that the responses of the autonomic nervous system are actually quite specific, with different patterns of activation characterizing different situations and their associated emotional states. Indeed, emotion-specific express...| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Entropy always wins. Each multicellular organism, using energy from the sun, is able to develop and maintain its identity for only so long. Then deterioration prevails over synthesis, and the organism ages. Aging can be defined as the time-related deterioration of the physiological functions necessary for survival and fertility. The characteristics of aging—as distinguished from diseases of aging (such as cancer and heart disease)—affect all the individuals of a species.| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
The previous chapters of this report focused on health systems and individual and household-level risks that might explain the U.S. health disadvantage, but it has been increasingly recognized that these health determinants cannot be fully understood (or influenced) in isolation from the environmental contexts that shape and sustain them. In contrast with traditional environmental health approaches that focus primarily on toxic substances in air, water, and soil, this more recent approach con...| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Historically, the main reason for the addition of salt to food was for preservation. Because of the emergence of refrigeration and other methods of food preservation, the need for salt as a preservative has decreased (He and MacGregor, 2007), but sodium levels, especially in processed foods, remain high. As discussed in Chapter 3, the tastes and flavors associated with historical salt use have come to be expected, and the relatively low cost of enhancing the palatability of processed foods ha...| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Whereas in Chapter 2 we documented the range of activities children and youth participate in during the summer months, and in Chapter 3 we described the effect that this season has on the development of children and youth, in this chapter we describe what is known from the research literature regarding how participation in summer programs affects young people's outcomes and the factors that enhance program effectiveness (see Box 4-1). The chapter also includes information about international ...| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Estradiol is a medication used to manage and treat postmenopausal symptoms and for women who have had hysterectomies. Estradiol is the most potent estrogen (E2) in the human body. Postmenopausal symptoms include, but are not limited to: vaginal dryness, itchiness, dysuria, and many more. This activity reviews the mechanism of action, risks, benefits, indications, contradictions, side effects, and other critical elements of estradiol therapy.| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
In most women, menopause symptoms like hot flashes aren't severe enough to need treatment. Short-term hormone therapy can provide relief in women with severe symptoms. Because of the associated risks, long-term therapy is no longer recommended.| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
The central nervous system is made up of grey matter and white matter. However, grey matter plays the most significant part in allowing humans to function normally daily.[1] Grey matter makes up the outer most layer of the brain. The white matter and grey matter are similar as they are both essential sections of both the brain as well as the spinal cord.[2] The grey matter gets its grey tone from a high concentration of neuronal cell bodies.| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Gingivitis is an inflammatory condition of the gingival tissue, most commonly caused by bacterial infection. Unlike periodontitis, there is no attachment loss and therefore no migration of the junctional epithelium. The condition is restricted to the soft-tissue area of the gingival epithelium and connective tissue.[1] Among all the periodontal diseases, gingivitis is considered to be the most common. There are various forms of gingivitis based on clinical appearance, duration of infection, ...| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Physical therapy, also known as physiotherapy, may include exercises, massages and various treatments based on physical stimuli (e.g. heat, cold, electrical currents or ultrasound). The aim of physical therapy is to relieve pain, help you move better or strengthen weakened muscles. Another important goal is to show patients what they can do themselves to improve their own health. The treatment isn’t only done in a practice or hospital: You can and should continue doing it at home yourself. ...| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Rho(D) immune globulin (RhIG) is a medication used to manage and treat Rh-negative pregnancies and immune thrombocytopenic purpura. It is in the immune globulin biological class of drugs. This activity reviews the indications, action, and contraindications for RhIG as a valuable agent in managing RhIG in preventing hemolytic disease of the newborn and immune thrombocytopenic purpura and other disorders when applicable. This activity will highlight the mechanism of action, adverse event profil...| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
The human body is not able to excrete excess amounts of iron actively.[1] Iron is absorbed from the small intestine each day and balanced by losses through sweating, menstruation, shedding of hair and skin cells, and the rapid turnover and excretion of erythrocytes.[2] The average daily absorption and secretion is 1 mg. Patients receiving transfusions for non-iron deficiency anemias are at risk for transfusion-related iron overload. The following is a list of transfusion-dependent conditions:| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
As stated in Chapter 1, caffeine is the most widely used central nervous system (CNS) stimulant in the world. It has numerous pharmacological and physiological effects, including cardiovascular, respiratory, renal, and smooth muscle effects, as well as effects on mood, memory, alertness, and physical and cognitive performance. This chapter provides a brief summary of the metabolism and physiological effects of caffeine| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
To systematically review evidence regarding the benefits and harms of ocular prophylaxis for the prevention of gonococcal ophthalmia neonatorum to support the update of the USPSTF’s 2011 A recommendation for this topic.| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
The thyroid hormone is well known for controlling metabolism, growth, and many other bodily functions. The thyroid gland, anterior pituitary gland, and hypothalamus comprise a self-regulatory circuit called the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis. The main hormones produced by the thyroid gland are thyroxine or tetraiodothyronine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) from the hypothalamus, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) from the anterior pituitary gland, and T...| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Trauma, as defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th ed., Text Revision (DSM-5-TR), involves exposure to actual or potential situations such as death, severe injury, or sexual violation. This exposure can occur through directly experiencing traumatic events, witnessing them firsthand, learning about trauma experienced by family or friends, or repeatedly being exposed to distressing details of traumatic events.| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
This chapter covers various treatment approaches designed specifically to treat trauma-related symptoms, trauma-related disorders, and specific disorders of traumatic stress. The models presented do not comprise an exhaustive list, but rather, serve as examples. These models require training and supervised experience to be conducted safely and effectively. The chapter begins with a section on trauma-specific treatment models, providing a brief overview of interventions that can be delivered i...| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
The gastrocnemius muscle is a complex muscle that is fundamentally involved in walking and posture. It affects the entire lower limb and the movement of the hip and the lumbar area. It is a muscular district called to work during daily and sports activities and maintain orthostatism. This article reviews the anatomical and functional information of the gastrocnemius muscle and its embryological derivation. This review will also illustrate the vascular and lymphatic network and the innervati...| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Turmeric is a spice and popular botanical product derived from the roots of the plant Curcuma longa found mostly in India and Southern Asia. Turmeric has an intense yellow color and distinct taste and is used as a dye as well as a spice in the preparation of curry. Turmeric and its purified extract curcumin are also used medically for their purported antiinflammatory and antioxidant effects to treat a wide variety of conditions and for general health and wellness. Turmeric and curcumin have b...| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
The first-pass effect is a pharmacological phenomenon in which a medication undergoes metabolism at a specific location in the body. The first-pass effect decreases the active drug's concentration upon reaching systemic circulation or its site of action. The first-pass effect is often associated with the liver, a major site of drug metabolism. However, the first-pass effect can also occur in the body's lungs, vasculature, gastrointestinal tract, and other metabolically active tissues. This ef...| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
This review concluded that evidence for the efficacy of individual synchronous online chat counselling and therapy was not sufficient to draw definitive conclusions and further research was needed. Limitations in the identified studies mean that this conclusion is likely to be reliable.| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Oppositional defiant disorder is a type of disruptive behavior disorder that primarily involves difficulties with managing emotions and behaviors. This condition is most often diagnosed and treated in childhood, but it may also be detected in adults.[1] According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-5-TR), oppositional defiant disorder is diagnosed when an individual exhibits at least four symptoms across any category, frequently, ...| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Incontinentia pigmenti (IP) is a disorder that affects the skin, hair, teeth, nails, eyes, and central nervous system; it occurs primarily in females and on occasion in males. Characteristic skin lesions evolve through four stages:| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
MERTK is an essential component of the signaling network that controls phagocytosis in retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), the loss of which results in photoreceptor degeneration. Previous proof-of-concept studies have demonstrated the efficacy of gene therapy using human MERTK (hMERTK) packaged into adeno-associated virus (AAV2) in treating RCS rats and mice with MERTK deficiency.| Powell Gene Therapy Center » College of Medicine » University of ...
Ginger root is a plant-based spice used in the personal or professional treatment of medical conditions ranging from gastrointestinal infections to cancer. This spice originates from the root of the Zingiber officinale plant. Despite the advantages, ginger may cause adverse effects in some individuals, such as gastrointestinal discomfort, heartburn, and allergic reactions. These potential adverse effects must be considered, particularly when recommending ginger for therapeutic use. As cur...| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Thomas S. Nesbitt, M.D., M.P.H. University of California, Davis, Health System| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
The foot is a complex mechanical structure of the human body composed of 33 joints, 26 bones, and more than a hundred muscles, tendons, and ligaments that all work together to bear weight, allow for locomotion, and transmit force. The joints of the foot are made wherever two or more of the foot bones meet.| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Alprazolam, known by various trade names, is the most commonly prescribed psychotropic medication in the United States. Alprazolam is frequently prescribed to manage panic and anxiety disorders. Alprazolam has also been misused for recreational purposes because of its disinhibition, euphoria, and anxiolytic effects. FDA-labeled indications include anxiety disorders and panic disorders with or without agoraphobia. This activity outlines the indications, mechanism of action, administration, dos...| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Flumazenil is a benzodiazepine antagonist typically used in overdose emergencies. The primary FDA-approved clinical uses for flumazenil include reversal agents for benzodiazepine overdose and postoperative sedation from benzodiazepine anesthetics. Flumazenil injection is indicated for a complete or partial reversal of the sedative effects of benzodiazepines in conscious sedation and general anesthesia in adult and pediatric populations. This activity focuses on the indications, mechanism o...| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Cannabinoids are biologically active compounds used in the management and treatment of appetite/weight loss from HIV/AIDS and chemotherapy in addition to epilepsy. According to the Food and Drug Administration, it is in the anti-emetics and anti-epileptic class of medications per the Food and Drug Administration. This activity outlines the indications, mechanism of action, and contraindications for cannabinoids as a valuable agent in managing the before-mentioned diseases. Moreover, this acti...| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
This chapter provides an overview of the biology of waterfleas of the genus Daphnia. It describes basic aspects of individual physiology and nutrition, including some remarks about immunity. It summarizes the typical life cycle and development of Daphnia. The modes of reproduction and the induction of resting egg production in cyclic and obligate parthenogenetic forms are discussed. Finally, population biological aspects, such as behavioral ecology, habitat preferences, population genetics, a...| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Tris(chloropropyl) phosphate (TCPP) is used as a flame retardant in textiles, furniture foam, and other related products. In addition, it is manufactured for use in construction materials, electronic products, paints, coatings, and adhesives. Several flame retardants, including structurally similar organohalogen compounds, have been removed from products in commerce due to toxicity concerns, and TCPP has been proposed as a replacement flame retardant for use in these products. An anticipated ...| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Although biochemical analysis requires disruption of the anatomy of the cell, gentle fractionation techniques have been devised to separate the various cell components while preserving their individual functions. Just as a tissue can be separated into its living constituent cell types, so the cell can be separated into its functioning organelles and macromolecules. In this section we consider the methods that allow organelles and proteins to be purified and analyzed biochemically.| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Pattern or androgenetic alopecia is a genetically predetermined disorder due to excessive response to androgens, impacting approximately 50% of males and females.[1] This condition is characterized by progressive loss of terminal hair of the scalp, typically occurring following puberty, with a distinctive pattern in both males and females. In males, hair loss is most prominent in the vertex and frontotemporal regions, whereas females tend to retain their frontal hairline while experiencing...| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Ectopic pregnancy occurs when a fertilized egg implants outside the uterine cavity, a condition that affects approximately 1% to 2% of pregnancies in the United States. Ectopic pregnancy is a potentially life-threatening condition and accounts for 2.7% of pregnancy-related deaths.[1] Most ectopic pregnancies (approximately 97%) occur within the fallopian tube, commonly linked to underlying fallopian tube abnormalities.[2][3] Such abnormalities may result from prior infections (eg, gonorrhea o...| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
A total of 335 citations were identified in the literature search. Following screening of titles and abstracts, 306 citations were excluded and 29 potentially relevant reports from the electronic search were retrieved for full-text review. 8 potentially relevant publications were retrieved from the grey literature search, and 3 from hand searching. Of these potentially relevant articles, 20 publications were excluded for various reasons, while 20 publications describing 18 studies11Two studie...| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Roughly a third of people sometimes have trouble sleeping. It is often difficult to say why exactly. Changing your sleeping habits can help you fall asleep faster and get more restful sleep. Relaxation techniques and physical exercise can help too.| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Electrical injuries are a unique type of trauma that is distinct from mechanical trauma, such as blunt or penetrating injuries. These injuries result from the transfer of either low-voltage or high-voltage electricity to an individual's body and are often associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Most electrical injuries are accidental and typically preventable. When not immediately fatal, electrical injuries can cause dysfunction in multiple tissues or organs.[1][2][3][4]| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
The natural propensity of human beings to congregate makes group therapy a powerful therapeutic tool for treating substance abuse, one that is as helpful as individual therapy, and sometimes more successful. One reason for this efficacy is that groups intrinsically have many rewarding benefits—such as reducing isolation and enabling members to witness the recovery of others—and these qualities draw clients into a culture of recovery. Another reason groups work so well is that they are sui...| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Medication errors are the most common and preventable cause of patient injury.[1] These errors typically involve administering the wrong drug or dose, using the wrong route, administering it incorrectly, or giving medication to the wrong patient. The reported incidence of medication errors in acute hospitals is approximately 6.5 per 100 admissions.[1]| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
In the 1960s, Aaron Beck developed cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) or cognitive therapy. Since then, it has been extensively researched and found to be effective in a large number of outcome studies for some psychiatric disorders, including depression, anxiety disorders, eating disorders, substance abuse, and personality disorders. It also has been demonstrated to be effective as an adjunctive treatment to medication for serious mental disorders such as bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. C...| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Trauma-informed care (TIC) involves a broad understanding of traumatic stress reactions and common responses to trauma. Providers need to understand how trauma can affect treatment presentation, engagement, and the outcome of behavioral health services. This chapter examines common experiences survivors may encounter immediately following or long after a traumatic experience.| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Inflammation is part of the body's defense mechanism. It is the process by which the immune system recognizes and removes harmful and foreign stimuli and begins the healing process. Inflammation can be either acute or chronic.[1][2][3]| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
According to the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), alcohol is the most commonly used substance in the United States, with over 75% of individuals aged 12 and older reporting lifetime consumption. Alcohol consumption spans a spectrum ranging from low risk to severe alcohol use disorder (AUD). Chronic risky drinking or the presence of AUD increases the risk of alcohol withdrawal syndrome.[1] Alcohol withdrawal syndrome poses a significant clinical challenge arising fr...| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Protected health information (PHI) breaches have affected over 176 million patients in the United States. Most of these breaches resulted from employees' negligence and noncompliance with HIPAA regulations rather than external hacking.[1]| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
A high fiber diet refers to a diet that meets or exceeds the Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) for dietary fiber set by the United States Institute of Medicine (IOM).| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
This chapter responds to the first part of the committee's charge—to identify core parenting knowledge, attitudes, and practices that are associated with positive parent-child interactions and the healthy development of children ages birth to 8. The chapter also describes findings from research regarding how core parenting knowledge, attitudes, and practices may differ by specific characteristics of children and parents, as well as by context. The chapter begins by defining desired outcomes...| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Nearly 20% of children and young people ages 3-17 in the United States have a mental, emotional, developmental, or behavioral disorder, and suicidal behaviors among high school students increased more than 40% in the decade before 2019. Mental health challenges were the leading cause of death and disability in this age group. These trends were exacerbated during the COVID-19 pandemic.| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Psychodynamic therapy focuses on unconscious processes as they are manifested in the client's present behavior. The goals of psychodynamic therapy are client self-awareness and understanding of the influence of the past on present behavior. In its brief form, a psychodynamic approach enables the client to examine unresolved conflicts and symptoms that arise from past dysfunctional relationships and manifest themselves in the need and desire to abuse substances.| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
