National Center for Biotechnology Information
The .gov means it's official.| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Atezolizumab in combination for treating metastatic non-squamous non-small-cell lung cancer.| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
A substance use disorder is a medical illness characterized by clinically significant impairments in health, social function, and voluntary control over substance use.2 Substance use disorders range in severity, duration, and complexity from mild to severe. In 2015, 20.8 million people aged 12 or older met criteria for a substance use disorder. While historically the great majority of treatment has occurred in specialty substance use disorder treatment programs with little involvement by prim...| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
This chapter describes recent changes in the structure of health insurance and health-care delivery in the United States and how the changes have altered how people who have chronic diseases and disabling conditions receive health care. Over the past several decades, there have been many efforts to change incentive structures in health care, all with the goal of reducing health-care costs while improving patient health outcomes. Most important among them was the Patient Protection and Afforda...| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Activation of the visceral motor system, particularly the sympathetic division, was long considered an all-or-nothing process. Once effective stimuli engaged the system, it was argued, a widespread discharge of all of its components ensued. More recent studies have shown that the responses of the autonomic nervous system are actually quite specific, with different patterns of activation characterizing different situations and their associated emotional states. Indeed, emotion-specific express...| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Entropy always wins. Each multicellular organism, using energy from the sun, is able to develop and maintain its identity for only so long. Then deterioration prevails over synthesis, and the organism ages. Aging can be defined as the time-related deterioration of the physiological functions necessary for survival and fertility. The characteristics of aging—as distinguished from diseases of aging (such as cancer and heart disease)—affect all the individuals of a species.| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
The previous chapters of this report focused on health systems and individual and household-level risks that might explain the U.S. health disadvantage, but it has been increasingly recognized that these health determinants cannot be fully understood (or influenced) in isolation from the environmental contexts that shape and sustain them. In contrast with traditional environmental health approaches that focus primarily on toxic substances in air, water, and soil, this more recent approach con...| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Historically, the main reason for the addition of salt to food was for preservation. Because of the emergence of refrigeration and other methods of food preservation, the need for salt as a preservative has decreased (He and MacGregor, 2007), but sodium levels, especially in processed foods, remain high. As discussed in Chapter 3, the tastes and flavors associated with historical salt use have come to be expected, and the relatively low cost of enhancing the palatability of processed foods ha...| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Whereas in Chapter 2 we documented the range of activities children and youth participate in during the summer months, and in Chapter 3 we described the effect that this season has on the development of children and youth, in this chapter we describe what is known from the research literature regarding how participation in summer programs affects young people's outcomes and the factors that enhance program effectiveness (see Box 4-1). The chapter also includes information about international ...| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Estradiol is a medication used to manage and treat postmenopausal symptoms and for women who have had hysterectomies. Estradiol is the most potent estrogen (E2) in the human body. Postmenopausal symptoms include, but are not limited to: vaginal dryness, itchiness, dysuria, and many more. This activity reviews the mechanism of action, risks, benefits, indications, contradictions, side effects, and other critical elements of estradiol therapy.| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
In most women, menopause symptoms like hot flashes aren't severe enough to need treatment. Short-term hormone therapy can provide relief in women with severe symptoms. Because of the associated risks, long-term therapy is no longer recommended.| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
The central nervous system is made up of grey matter and white matter. However, grey matter plays the most significant part in allowing humans to function normally daily.[1] Grey matter makes up the outer most layer of the brain. The white matter and grey matter are similar as they are both essential sections of both the brain as well as the spinal cord.[2] The grey matter gets its grey tone from a high concentration of neuronal cell bodies.| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Gingivitis is an inflammatory condition of the gingival tissue, most commonly caused by bacterial infection. Unlike periodontitis, there is no attachment loss and therefore no migration of the junctional epithelium. The condition is restricted to the soft-tissue area of the gingival epithelium and connective tissue.[1] Among all the periodontal diseases, gingivitis is considered to be the most common. There are various forms of gingivitis based on clinical appearance, duration of infection, ...| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Physical therapy, also known as physiotherapy, may include exercises, massages and various treatments based on physical stimuli (e.g. heat, cold, electrical currents or ultrasound). The aim of physical therapy is to relieve pain, help you move better or strengthen weakened muscles. Another important goal is to show patients what they can do themselves to improve their own health. The treatment isn’t only done in a practice or hospital: You can and should continue doing it at home yourself. ...| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Rho(D) immune globulin (RhIG) is a medication used to manage and treat Rh-negative pregnancies and immune thrombocytopenic purpura. It is in the immune globulin biological class of drugs. This activity reviews the indications, action, and contraindications for RhIG as a valuable agent in managing RhIG in preventing hemolytic disease of the newborn and immune thrombocytopenic purpura and other disorders when applicable. This activity will highlight the mechanism of action, adverse event profil...| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
The human body is not able to excrete excess amounts of iron actively.[1] Iron is absorbed from the small intestine each day and balanced by losses through sweating, menstruation, shedding of hair and skin cells, and the rapid turnover and excretion of erythrocytes.[2] The average daily absorption and secretion is 1 mg. Patients receiving transfusions for non-iron deficiency anemias are at risk for transfusion-related iron overload. The following is a list of transfusion-dependent conditions:| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
As stated in Chapter 1, caffeine is the most widely used central nervous system (CNS) stimulant in the world. It has numerous pharmacological and physiological effects, including cardiovascular, respiratory, renal, and smooth muscle effects, as well as effects on mood, memory, alertness, and physical and cognitive performance. This chapter provides a brief summary of the metabolism and physiological effects of caffeine| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
To systematically review evidence regarding the benefits and harms of ocular prophylaxis for the prevention of gonococcal ophthalmia neonatorum to support the update of the USPSTF’s 2011 A recommendation for this topic.| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
The thyroid hormone is well known for controlling metabolism, growth, and many other bodily functions. The thyroid gland, anterior pituitary gland, and hypothalamus comprise a self-regulatory circuit called the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis. The main hormones produced by the thyroid gland are thyroxine or tetraiodothyronine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) from the hypothalamus, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) from the anterior pituitary gland, and T...| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Trauma, as defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th ed., Text Revision (DSM-5-TR), involves exposure to actual or potential situations such as death, severe injury, or sexual violation. This exposure can occur through directly experiencing traumatic events, witnessing them firsthand, learning about trauma experienced by family or friends, or repeatedly being exposed to distressing details of traumatic events.| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
This chapter covers various treatment approaches designed specifically to treat trauma-related symptoms, trauma-related disorders, and specific disorders of traumatic stress. The models presented do not comprise an exhaustive list, but rather, serve as examples. These models require training and supervised experience to be conducted safely and effectively. The chapter begins with a section on trauma-specific treatment models, providing a brief overview of interventions that can be delivered i...| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
The gastrocnemius muscle is a complex muscle that is fundamentally involved in walking and posture. It affects the entire lower limb and the movement of the hip and the lumbar area. It is a muscular district called to work during daily and sports activities and maintain orthostatism. This article reviews the anatomical and functional information of the gastrocnemius muscle and its embryological derivation. This review will also illustrate the vascular and lymphatic network and the innervati...| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Turmeric is a spice and popular botanical product derived from the roots of the plant Curcuma longa found mostly in India and Southern Asia. Turmeric has an intense yellow color and distinct taste and is used as a dye as well as a spice in the preparation of curry. Turmeric and its purified extract curcumin are also used medically for their purported antiinflammatory and antioxidant effects to treat a wide variety of conditions and for general health and wellness. Turmeric and curcumin have b...| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
This Call to Action describes specific steps people can take to participate in a society-wide approach to support mothers and babies who are breastfeeding. This approach will increase the public health impact of everyone’s efforts, reduce inequities in the quality of health care that mothers and babies receive, and improve the support that families receive in employment and community settings.| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
The first-pass effect is a pharmacological phenomenon in which a medication undergoes metabolism at a specific location in the body. The first-pass effect decreases the active drug's concentration upon reaching systemic circulation or its site of action. The first-pass effect is often associated with the liver, a major site of drug metabolism. However, the first-pass effect can also occur in the body's lungs, vasculature, gastrointestinal tract, and other metabolically active tissues. This ef...| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
This review concluded that evidence for the efficacy of individual synchronous online chat counselling and therapy was not sufficient to draw definitive conclusions and further research was needed. Limitations in the identified studies mean that this conclusion is likely to be reliable.| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Oppositional defiant disorder is a type of disruptive behavior disorder that primarily involves difficulties with managing emotions and behaviors. This condition is most often diagnosed and treated in childhood, but it may also be detected in adults.[1] According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-5-TR), oppositional defiant disorder is diagnosed when an individual exhibits at least four symptoms across any category, frequently, ...| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Incontinentia pigmenti (IP) is a disorder that affects the skin, hair, teeth, nails, eyes, and central nervous system; it occurs primarily in females and on occasion in males. Characteristic skin lesions evolve through four stages:| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
MERTK is an essential component of the signaling network that controls phagocytosis in retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), the loss of which results in photoreceptor degeneration. Previous proof-of-concept studies have demonstrated the efficacy of gene therapy using human MERTK (hMERTK) packaged into adeno-associated virus (AAV2) in treating RCS rats and mice with MERTK deficiency.| Powell Gene Therapy Center » College of Medicine » University of ...
Ginger root is a plant-based spice used in the personal or professional treatment of medical conditions ranging from gastrointestinal infections to cancer. This spice originates from the root of the Zingiber officinale plant. Despite the advantages, ginger may cause adverse effects in some individuals, such as gastrointestinal discomfort, heartburn, and allergic reactions. These potential adverse effects must be considered, particularly when recommending ginger for therapeutic use. As cur...| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Thomas S. Nesbitt, M.D., M.P.H. University of California, Davis, Health System| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
The foot is a complex mechanical structure of the human body composed of 33 joints, 26 bones, and more than a hundred muscles, tendons, and ligaments that all work together to bear weight, allow for locomotion, and transmit force. The joints of the foot are made wherever two or more of the foot bones meet.| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Alprazolam, known by various trade names, is the most commonly prescribed psychotropic medication in the United States. Alprazolam is frequently prescribed to manage panic and anxiety disorders. Alprazolam has also been misused for recreational purposes because of its disinhibition, euphoria, and anxiolytic effects. FDA-labeled indications include anxiety disorders and panic disorders with or without agoraphobia. This activity outlines the indications, mechanism of action, administration, dos...| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Flumazenil is a benzodiazepine antagonist typically used in overdose emergencies. The primary FDA-approved clinical uses for flumazenil include reversal agents for benzodiazepine overdose and postoperative sedation from benzodiazepine anesthetics. Flumazenil injection is indicated for a complete or partial reversal of the sedative effects of benzodiazepines in conscious sedation and general anesthesia in adult and pediatric populations. This activity focuses on the indications, mechanism o...| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Cannabinoids are biologically active compounds used in the management and treatment of appetite/weight loss from HIV/AIDS and chemotherapy in addition to epilepsy. According to the Food and Drug Administration, it is in the anti-emetics and anti-epileptic class of medications per the Food and Drug Administration. This activity outlines the indications, mechanism of action, and contraindications for cannabinoids as a valuable agent in managing the before-mentioned diseases. Moreover, this acti...| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
This chapter provides an overview of the biology of waterfleas of the genus Daphnia. It describes basic aspects of individual physiology and nutrition, including some remarks about immunity. It summarizes the typical life cycle and development of Daphnia. The modes of reproduction and the induction of resting egg production in cyclic and obligate parthenogenetic forms are discussed. Finally, population biological aspects, such as behavioral ecology, habitat preferences, population genetics, a...| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Tris(chloropropyl) phosphate (TCPP) is used as a flame retardant in textiles, furniture foam, and other related products. In addition, it is manufactured for use in construction materials, electronic products, paints, coatings, and adhesives. Several flame retardants, including structurally similar organohalogen compounds, have been removed from products in commerce due to toxicity concerns, and TCPP has been proposed as a replacement flame retardant for use in these products. An anticipated ...| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Although biochemical analysis requires disruption of the anatomy of the cell, gentle fractionation techniques have been devised to separate the various cell components while preserving their individual functions. Just as a tissue can be separated into its living constituent cell types, so the cell can be separated into its functioning organelles and macromolecules. In this section we consider the methods that allow organelles and proteins to be purified and analyzed biochemically.| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Pattern or androgenetic alopecia is a genetically predetermined disorder due to excessive response to androgens, impacting approximately 50% of males and females.[1] This condition is characterized by progressive loss of terminal hair of the scalp, typically occurring following puberty, with a distinctive pattern in both males and females. In males, hair loss is most prominent in the vertex and frontotemporal regions, whereas females tend to retain their frontal hairline while experiencing...| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Federal physician self-referral prohibition (42 USC 1395nn.), commonly referred to as the Stark law, is a set of regulations that pertain to physician self-referral under current United States (US) federal law. These statutes currently reside under the purview of Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) fraud and abuse laws. The Stark law was initially enacted in 1992 but expanded in 1995. These regulations limit the financial and business relationships into which physicians may enter. ...| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
The shoulder joint classifies as a ball and socket joint; however, the joint sacrifices stability for mobility. The glenoid is a shallow rim, and one description is as looking like a golf ball on a tee or a basketball on a dinner plate. The rotator cuff consists of four muscles originating on the scapula and inserting on the superior humeral head to improve stability. The subscapularis inserts on the lesser tubercle of the humerus, and it functions as an internal rotator. The supraspinatus mu...| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Change region shown| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase (MTHFR) Deficiency is the most common genetic cause of elevated levels of homocysteine in the plasma (hyperhomocysteinemia).| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Change region shown| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
The grasp reflex, also known as the palmar reflex, is a primitive, prehensile, involuntary response to a mechanical stimulus present in a newborn. As the name implies, the action resembles a grasping motion of the hand. This reflex appears around 16 weeks of gestation and can be elicited in preterm infants as young as 25 weeks of postconceptional age (see Image. Palmar Reflex).[1][2][3][4] To elicit the reflex, the infant is laid in a symmetrical supine and comfortable position while he o...| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Prostaglandins are a group of endogenously produced compounds that play essential roles in regulating human physiology. Synthetically derived prostaglandins can be used to modulate numerous processes in the body. This activity will highlight the mechanism of action, indications, side effect profile, contraindications, and other information needed for healthcare team members.| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Inflammation is an ancient medical term initially referring to classic signs and symptoms, including edema, erythema (redness), warmness, pain, and loss of function (stiffness and immobility).[1] Currently, inflammation is recognized as a set of changing responses to tissue injury primarily caused by factors such as toxic chemicals, environmental agents, trauma, overuse, or infection. Some of these responses can facilitate wound healing and infection control or pathology, as in many chron...| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Graves orbitopathy (Graves eye disease or Graves ophthalmopathy) is a constellation of signs and symptoms related to the orbit and surrounding tissues in patients with Graves disease. It can also sporadically occur in patients who are euthyroid or even hypothyroid as a result of chronic thyroiditis.[1] It is an autoimmune process affecting retro-ocular tissues.[1] In its severe form, it can be sight-threatening; thus, prompt evaluation and timely referral and management become of utmost imp...| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Ectopic pregnancy occurs when a fertilized egg implants outside the uterine cavity, a condition that affects approximately 1% to 2% of pregnancies in the United States. Ectopic pregnancy is a potentially life-threatening condition and accounts for 2.7% of pregnancy-related deaths.[1] Most ectopic pregnancies (approximately 97%) occur within the fallopian tube, commonly linked to underlying fallopian tube abnormalities.[2][3] Such abnormalities may result from prior infections (eg, gonorrhea o...| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Sensory integration (SI) is a framework conceptualized by Dr. A. Jean Ayers, Ph.D. in the 1970s; hence it is currently known as Ayres Sensory Integration (ASI).[1] Ayers "was guided by the principle that 'intersensory integration is foundational to function,'" while dysfunction in sensory integration leads to difficulties in development, learning, and emotional regulation.[1] Therefore, children with sensory processing deficits may find it challenging to regulate their responses to everyday...| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
The bones of the pelvis are a critical part of the central portion of the skeleton. They serve as a transition from the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton of the lower body, serving as an attachment point for some of the strongest muscles in the human body while withstanding the forces generated by them. The curved nature of the pelvic bone creates a closed structure, itself lined with various muscles and housing various blood supplies, lymphatic structures, nerves, and organs, incl...| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Responsible for supporting upper body weight, the pelvis is defined as the middle part of the human body between the lumbar region of the abdomen superiorly and thighs inferiorly. The human pelvis is composed of the bony pelvis, the pelvic cavity, the pelvic floor, and the perineum. In addition to carrying upper body weight, this multi-surfaced girdle can transfer upper body weight to the lower limbs and act as attachment points for lower limb and trunk muscles. Furthermore, the pelvis protec...| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Person-centered therapy, also referred to as non-directive, client-centered, or Rogerian therapy, was pioneered by Carl Rogers in the early 1940s. This form of psychotherapy is grounded in the idea that people are inherently motivated toward achieving positive psychological functioning. The client is believed to be the expert in their life and leads the general direction of therapy, while the therapist takes a non-directive rather than a mechanistic approach.| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Django project django-bibliography| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Introduction| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Lifestyle is central to a person's disease risk and overall health. Numerous health conditions are caused or exacerbated by unhealthy behaviors such as smoking, physical inactivity, excessive alcohol consumption, and poor dietary habits.[1] Estimates suggest that unhealthy behaviors were directly responsible for more than 23 million deaths and 36.5% of disability-adjusted life-years in 2017 alone.[2]| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
A total of 335 citations were identified in the literature search. Following screening of titles and abstracts, 306 citations were excluded and 29 potentially relevant reports from the electronic search were retrieved for full-text review. 8 potentially relevant publications were retrieved from the grey literature search, and 3 from hand searching. Of these potentially relevant articles, 20 publications were excluded for various reasons, while 20 publications describing 18 studies11Two studie...| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Panic disorder and panic attacks are two of the most common problems seen in the world of psychiatry. Panic disorder is a separate entity from panic attacks, although it is characterized by recurrent, unexpected panic attacks. Panic attacks are defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Health Disorders (DSM) as “an abrupt surge of intense fear or discomfort” reaching a peak within minutes. Four or more of a specific set of physical symptoms accompany a panic attack. Thes...| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
The diversity of religions around the world creates challenges for health care providers and systems to provide culturally competent medical care. Cultural competence is the ability of health providers and organizations to deliver health care services that meet the cultural, social, and religious needs of patients and their families. Culturally competent care can improve patient quality and care outcomes. Strategies to move health professionals and systems towards these goals include provid...| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
In preceding chapters, this report articulated an overarching goal of increasing the resilience of medical product supply chains and it described key characteristics of these supply chains. This chapter turns to the first step in identifying a strategy for achieving this goal, which is to understand why medical product supply chains fail. Medical product shortages can represent a significant threat across the landscape of public health and health care delivery by undermining the ability to pr...| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Roughly a third of people sometimes have trouble sleeping. It is often difficult to say why exactly. Changing your sleeping habits can help you fall asleep faster and get more restful sleep. Relaxation techniques and physical exercise can help too.| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Electrical injuries, a relatively common form of mechanical trauma, can occur as a result of lightning, low-voltage, or high-voltage injury, and are often associated with high morbidity and mortality. Almost all electrical injuries are accidental and often, preventable. If not instantly fatal, the damage associated with electrical injuries can result in the dysfunction of multiple tissues or organs.[1][2][3][4]| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Anxiety describes an uncomfortable emotional state characterized by inner turmoil and dread over anticipated future events. Anxiety is closely related and overlaps with fear, a response to perceived and actual threats. Anxiety often results in nervousness, rumination, pacing, and somatization. Every human experiences anxiety because it is an evolved behavioral response to prepare an individual to detect and deal with threats.[1] Anxiety becomes pathological when it is so overwhelming that...| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
On any given day, approximately 1.6 million people live in approximately 17,000 licensed nursing homes, and another estimated 900,000 to 1 million live in an estimated 45,000 residential care facilities, variously known as personal care homes, adult congregate living facilities, domiciliary care homes, adult care homes, homes for the aged, and assisted living facilities (Strahan, 1997; Hawes, et al., 1999, 1995a). Research suggests that the 2.5 million vulnerable individuals in these settings...| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Endogenous melatonin is a naturally produced hormone primarily synthesized and secreted in the pineal gland. Melatonin regulates the body's sleep-wake cycles by interacting with the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus and the retina. The best-known purpose of melatonin is its role in promoting sleep and inhibiting wake-promoting signals through interactions with its MT1 and MT2 receptors. Although melatonin is not officially approved for any indication by the US Food and Drug Admini...| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Methamphetamine is one of the powerful stimulants of the central nervous system (CNS). It is sometimes a second-line treatment for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and obesity; however, methamphetamine is better known as a recreational drug. This activity will highlight the mechanism of action, adverse event profile/toxicity, pharmacology, monitoring, relevant interactions, and street names of methamphetamine, pertinent for interprofessional team members should they encounter patients...| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Xerostomia refers to the sensation of oral dryness, which can result from diminished saliva production.[1] However, patients may report dry mouth without a measurable decrease in saliva quantity.[1] A lack of normal salivary flow may lead to complaints of mouth dryness, oral burning, swallowing difficulty, and loss or decreased taste.[2] See Image. Xerostomia.| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
The liver is one of the largest organs in the body. It has many important metabolic functions. It converts the nutrients in our diets into substances that the body can use, stores these substances, and supplies cells with them when needed. It also takes up toxic substances and converts them into harmless substances or makes sure they are released from the body. The human adult liver weighs about 1.4 kg (3.1 pounds) and is found in the right upper abdomen, below the diaphragm. It takes up most...| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Posterior spinal decompression is one of the most common surgical procedures to release neural structures when nonoperative treatment has failed and is usually the procedure performed for degenerative conditions such as spinal stenosis, especially in middle-aged and elderly patients.[1] It is one of the most common spinal surgeries among cohorts more than 65 years of age. The classical laminectomy constitutes a central, facet joint sparing laminectomy. The spinous process and the lamina are r...| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
NCBI Bookshelf. A service of the National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Catalog of books, journals, and audiovisuals at the National Library of Medicine.| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Today in the United States, the health of far too many individuals, families, entire neighborhoods, and communities is compromised by social determinants of health (SDOH), such as food insecurity and poverty, as well as by limited access to health care services. The size, distribution, diversity, and educational preparation of the nursing workforce needed to assist in addressing these health challenges are therefore critically important. Even as the potential for nurses to help improve both S...| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
A set of core services is essential to all intensive outpatient treatment (IOT) efforts and should be a standard part of the treatment package for every client. Enhanced services often are added and delivered either on site or through functional and formal linkages with community-based agencies or individual providers.| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
The body is a complex organism, and as such, it takes energy to maintain proper functioning. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the source of energy for use and storage at the cellular level. The structure of ATP is a nucleoside triphosphate, consisting of a nitrogenous base (adenine), a ribose sugar, and three serially bonded phosphate groups. ATP is commonly referred to as the "energy currency" of the cell, as it provides readily releasable energy in the bond between the second and third ph...| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Enzyme immunoassays (EIAs) use the catalytic properties of enzymes to detect and quantify immunologic reactions. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is a heterogeneous EIA technique used in clinical analyses.[1] In this type of assay, one of the reaction components is nonspecifically adsorbed or covalently bound to the surface of a solid phase, such as a microtiter well, a magnetic particle, or a plastic bead. This attachment facilitates the separation of bound and free-labeled reactant...| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
This volume is the newest release in the authoritative series issued by the National Academy of Sciences on dietary reference intakes (DRIs). This series provides recommended intakes, such as Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs), for use in planning nutritionally adequate diets for individuals based on age and gender. In addition, a new reference intake, the Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL), has also been established to assist an individual in knowing how much is "too much" of a nutrient.| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
The natural propensity of human beings to congregate makes group therapy a powerful therapeutic tool for treating substance abuse, one that is as helpful as individual therapy, and sometimes more successful. One reason for this efficacy is that groups intrinsically have many rewarding benefits—such as reducing isolation and enabling members to witness the recovery of others—and these qualities draw clients into a culture of recovery. Another reason groups work so well is that they are sui...| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Medication errors are the most common and preventable cause of patient injury.[1] These errors typically involve administering the wrong drug or dose, using the wrong route, administering it incorrectly, or giving medication to the wrong patient. The reported incidence of medication errors in acute hospitals is approximately 6.5 per 100 admissions.[1]| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
In the 1960s, Aaron Beck developed cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) or cognitive therapy. Since then, it has been extensively researched and found to be effective in a large number of outcome studies for some psychiatric disorders, including depression, anxiety disorders, eating disorders, substance abuse, and personality disorders. It also has been demonstrated to be effective as an adjunctive treatment to medication for serious mental disorders such as bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. C...| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Trauma-informed care (TIC) involves a broad understanding of traumatic stress reactions and common responses to trauma. Providers need to understand how trauma can affect treatment presentation, engagement, and the outcome of behavioral health services. This chapter examines common experiences survivors may encounter immediately following or long after a traumatic experience.| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Inflammation is part of the body's defense mechanism. It is the process by which the immune system recognizes and removes harmful and foreign stimuli and begins the healing process. Inflammation can be either acute or chronic.[1][2][3]| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
According to the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), alcohol is the most commonly used substance in the United States, with over 75% of individuals aged 12 and older reporting lifetime consumption. Alcohol consumption spans a spectrum ranging from low risk to severe alcohol use disorder (AUD). Chronic risky drinking or the presence of AUD increases the risk of alcohol withdrawal syndrome.[1] Alcohol withdrawal syndrome poses a significant clinical challenge arising fr...| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Protected health information (PHI) breaches have affected over 176 million patients in the United States. Most of these breaches resulted from employees' negligence and noncompliance with HIPAA regulations rather than external hacking.[1]| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
A high fiber diet refers to a diet that meets or exceeds the Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) for dietary fiber set by the United States Institute of Medicine (IOM).| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
This chapter responds to the first part of the committee's charge—to identify core parenting knowledge, attitudes, and practices that are associated with positive parent-child interactions and the healthy development of children ages birth to 8. The chapter also describes findings from research regarding how core parenting knowledge, attitudes, and practices may differ by specific characteristics of children and parents, as well as by context. The chapter begins by defining desired outcomes...| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Nearly 20% of children and young people ages 3-17 in the United States have a mental, emotional, developmental, or behavioral disorder, and suicidal behaviors among high school students increased more than 40% in the decade before 2019. Mental health challenges were the leading cause of death and disability in this age group. These trends were exacerbated during the COVID-19 pandemic.| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Psychodynamic therapy focuses on unconscious processes as they are manifested in the client's present behavior. The goals of psychodynamic therapy are client self-awareness and understanding of the influence of the past on present behavior. In its brief form, a psychodynamic approach enables the client to examine unresolved conflicts and symptoms that arise from past dysfunctional relationships and manifest themselves in the need and desire to abuse substances.| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is one of the most common and best studied forms of psychotherapy. It is a combination of two therapeutic approaches, known as cognitive therapy and behavioral therapy. The exact treatment approaches used will depend on the illness or problem to be treated. But the basic idea behind the therapy is always the same: What we think, how we behave, and how other people make us feel are all closely related – and they all affect our wellbeing.| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
A medical history typically follows the history of the present illness if obtained by the treating clinician. The medical history can reveal diagnosed medical conditions, past medical conditions, and potential future health risks for the patient. In addition, the medical history aids in forming differential diagnoses.[1]| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Perinatal depression is a mood disorder that affects individuals during pregnancy or within 1 year after childbirth. According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-5-TR), postpartum depression is now included in the term perinatal depression.[1] A major depressive episode that begins during pregnancy or within 4 weeks after delivery is classified as peripartum depression. This term encompasses both prenatal and postpartum depression...| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
The relationship between psychiatric illness and criminality has been the topic of intense debate and scrutiny in the recent past in light of multiple mass shootings in the United States. While the renewed focus and media attention on the importance of mental health in the aftermath of such tragedies is a positive development, the relationship between mental illness and criminality is too often conflated.| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Learning is the process through which individuals acquire new knowledge, behaviors, attitudes, and ideas. Humans must be sensitive to both meaningful and coincidental relationships between events in the environment to survive.[1] This learning process happens through both unconscious and conscious pathways. Classical conditioning, also known as associative learning, is an unconscious process where an automatic, conditioned response becomes associated with a specific stimulus. Although Edwin T...| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Narcissistic personality disorder (NPD) is a pervasive pattern of grandiosity, a need for admiration, a lack of empathy, and a heightened sense of self-importance. Individuals with NPD may present to others as boastful, arrogant, or even unlikeable.[1] NPD is a pattern of behavior persisting over a long period and through a variety of situations or social contexts and can result in significant impairment in social and occupational functioning.[2] Additionally, NPD is often comorbid with oth...| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a multidimensional disorder arising from direct or indirect spinal cord damage. The most common SCI cause is acute trauma from motor vehicular crashes (MVCs), although the condition may also arise from insidious etiologies such as malignancies and chronic tuberculous infection. Spinal cord lesions may lead to permanent disability, significant morbidity, and even mortality. High spinal injuries often impair cardiorespiratory function, requiring emergent interventions.| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Cannabis sativa has a long history as a medicinal plant, likely dating back more than two millennia (Russo et al., 2007). It was available as a licensed medicine in the United States for about a century before the American Medical Association removed it from the 12th edition of the U.S. Pharmacopeia (IOM, 1999). In 1985, pharmaceutical companies received approval to begin developing Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) preparations—dronabinol and nabilone—for therapeutic use, and as a result, c...| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Over one-quarter of people in the United States (US) suffer from chronic pain—one of the most prevalent issues encountered in outpatient medical settings.[1] However, inadequate management of chronic pain and the subsequent reliance on opioids contribute significantly to morbidity and mortality. Most patient visits in outpatient clinics are prompted by pain-related concerns, with over half seeking relief from their primary care provider. Hence, primary care providers must comprehe...| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Attention hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a psychiatric condition that has long been recognized as affecting children's ability to function. Individuals suffering from this disorder show patterns of developmentally inappropriate levels of inattentiveness, hyperactivity, or impulsivity. Although there used to be two different diagnoses of Attention Deficit Disorder vs. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, the DSM IV combined this into one disorder with three subtypes: predominantly inat...| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Mentorship is an activity in which science, technology, engineering, mathematics, and medicine (STEMM) professionals engage to help develop the next generation of STEMM professionals. While that statement may be a truism, it does not adequately address three important questions: What exactly is mentorship? What makes it effective? How does it occur in various settings? Mentoring relationships can be intentionally created and developed, and there is a substantial scholarship—a science of men...| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
The origin of the word gender came from the Old French "gendre" (now termed "genre"), which meant "kind, sort, genus." Generally, children are assigned to their gender at birth based on their anatomy and chromosomes. For most children, this gender assignment corresponds to their gender identity, an innate sense of identifying oneself as male or female. Some children might experience incongruity and grow into transgender adults.| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Spontaneous abortion or miscarriage is defined as the loss of pregnancy less than 20 weeks gestation. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) estimates it is the most common form of pregnancy loss. It is estimated that as many as 26% of all pregnancies end in miscarriage and up to 10% of clinically recognized pregnancies.[1][2] [3] Moreover, 80% of early pregnancy loss occurs in the first trimester. [1][2] The risk of miscarriage decreases after 12 weeks gestation.| www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
